Which analogy can best be likened to the activation energy of a chemical reaction?

To solve for this problem, first we have to calculate for the diagonal or the hypotenuse on the bottom face of the cube. We can do this by using the hypotenuse formula. Since all sides are of equal lengths therefore:

c^2 = a^2 + b^2

a = b

c^2 = 2 a^2

where a = 0.281 nm therefore:

c^2 = 2 (0.281 nm)^2

c = 0.3974 nm

Now using the diagonal and the one vertical side of the cube which is still equivalent to a, we use the tan function to find for the angle θ.

tan θ = opposite side / adjacent side

tan θ = a / c

θ = tan^-1 (0.281 / 0.3974)

θ = 35.26°

Final answer:

The crystal structure of sodium chloride and the calculation of the force on a lithium ion in a NaCl crystal lattice involves applying Coulomb's law to consider contributions of electrostatic forces from neighboring ions.

Explanation:

The question concerns the crystal structure of sodium chloride (NaCl), commonly known as table salt, and involves calculating the force on a lithium ion in the crystal lattice with defects. The edges of the cube in the NaCl crystal are provided as 0.281 nm, which is the distance between neighboring ions, and it is given that the ions form a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. To find the angle θ in the drawing, one would need a diagram to assess the geometry between the ions.

As for the force on the lithium ion, you would apply Coulomb's law to calculate the electrostatic force exerted on it by its neighboring charged ions. Each neighboring ion contributes a vector force, and the total force on the lithium ion is the vector sum of these individual forces.

The velocity vector for r⟶ = bt^2î + ct^3ï makes an angle of 45 degrees with the x- and y-axes when the time t equals 2b/(3c), found by setting the magnitudes of the x and y components of the velocity vector equal to each other.

To determine when the velocity vector makes an angle of 45 degrees with the x- and y-axes for the given position vector r⟶ = bt^2î + ct^3ï, where b and c are positive constants, we first need to find the velocity vector by differentiating the position vector with respect to time.

The velocity vector v⟶ is given by: v⟶ = dr⟶/dt = 2btî + 3ct^2ï. An angle of 45 degrees between the velocity vector and the axes means the components along the x- and y-axes must be equal. This occurs when 2bt = 3ct^2, which simplifies to t = 2b/(3c). Therefore, the velocity vector makes a 45-degree angle with the axes at this specific time t.

The evaporation of 190g of isopropyl alcohol would remove approximately 463.6 kJ of heat.

The student asked: 'How much heat is removed from the skin by the evaporation of 190 g (about 1/2 cup) of isopropyl alcohol?' The process of evaporation removes heat from the surface it's occurring on because energy is needed to change a substance from a liquid state to a gaseous one. This is known as the enthalpy of vaporization. Unfortunately, the value provided for the vaporization of water can't be directly used for isopropyl alcohol. However, using related scientific data, the approximate heat of vaporization for isopropyl alcohol is about 2.44 kJ/g. Therefore, to calculate the heat removed by evaporation of 190g of isopropyl alcohol, we would multiply the mass (190g) by the heat of vaporization (2.44 kJ/g) which totals approximately 463.6 kJ.

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To calculate the heat removed by the evaporation of isopropyl alcohol, one would typically multiply the number of moles of the alcohol by its heat of vaporization, which is approximately 45.3 kJ/mol at boiling point; however, the specific heat of vaporization at skin temperature is necessary to determine the exact amount of heat removed.

To determine how much heat is removed from the skin by the evaporation of isopropyl alcohol, we need the heat of vaporization for isopropyl alcohol (also known as isopropanol). The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to turn a liquid into a vapor without a temperature change. Unfortunately, we do not have the exact heat of vaporization value for isopropyl alcohol at human skin temperature provided in the reference, which would directly allow the calculation. However, we can consider that the heat of vaporization for isopropyl alcohol is typically around 45.3 kJ/mol at its boiling point.

For the sake of explanation, let's assume that this value is close enough to use for a skin temperature of 37 °C. The molar mass of isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O) is approximately 60.1 g/mol. First, we would convert 190 g of isopropyl alcohol to moles:

Moles of isopropyl alcohol = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol) = 190 g / 60.1 g/mol

Then, we would multiply the moles by the heat of vaporization to get the total amount of heat removed:

Heat removed (kJ) = moles * heat of vaporization (kJ/mol)

Without the exact value for the heat of vaporization of isopropyl alcohol at skin temperature, we cannot provide the exact amount of heat removed. However, this process illustrates how the calculation would be performed given the correct data.

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The vapor pressure of water above a solution prepared by dissolving glycerin in water at 343K is equal to the vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature, which is 233.7 Torr, as glycerin is nonvolatile.

In this problem, we're asked to calculate the vapor pressure of water above a solution of glycerin in water. The key concept here is Raoult's Law, which states that the vapor pressure of a solvent above a solution (in this case water) is directly proportional to the mole fraction of that solvent in the solution.

Glycerin (C3H8O3) is essentially nonvolatile, meaning it does not contribute to the vapor pressure. Therefore, the vapor pressure of the solvent (water) is not altered by the addition of the glycerin. Essentially, the vapor pressure of the water in the solution is the same as the vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature.

The given vapor pressure of pure water at 343 K is 233.7 Torr. Hence, the vapor pressure of water above the solution prepared by dissolving 28.5 g of glycerin in 135 g of water at the same temperature is also 233.7 Torr.

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The vapor pressure of water above a solution containing 28.5 g of glycerin and 135 g of water at 343 K is calculated using Raoult's Law. The resulting vapor pressure is 224.352 torr.

Calculation of Vapor Pressure

To calculate the vapor pressure of water above a solution containing 28.5 g of glycerin ([tex]C_3H_8O_3[/tex]) and 135 g of water at 343 K, we use Raoult's Law.

Molar mass of glycerin ([tex]C_3H_8O_3[/tex]) = 3(12.01) + 8(1.008) + 3(16.00) = 92.094 g/mol

Moles of glycerin =
28.5 g / 92.094 g/mol = 0.309 moles

Molar mass of water (H2O) = 2(1.008) + 16.00 = 18.016 g/mol

Moles of water =
135 g / 18.016 g/mol = 7.495 moles

Mole fraction of water ([tex]X_{water[/tex]) = moles of water / (moles of water + moles of glycerin)

[tex]X_{water[/tex] = 7.495 moles / (7.495 + 0.309) = 0.960

Raoult's Law:
[tex]P_{solution[/tex]= [tex]X_{water[/tex]* [tex]P_{water[/tex]

[tex]P_{solution[/tex]= 0.960 * 233.7 torr = 224.352 torr

Therefore, the vapor pressure of water above the solution at 343 K is 224.352 torr.

Answer:ANSWER

Explanation:

Answer is: 1160 kJ/mol, endothermic.

the change in enthalpy = the total bonding energy for the products of a reaction - the bonding energy of the reactants.

the change in enthalpy = 2535 kJ/mol - 1375 kJ/mol.

the change in enthalpy = 1160 kJ/mol.

There are two types of reaction:

1) endothermic reaction (chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases).

2) exothermic reaction (chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs).

Balanced the tarnishing equation:

2Ag(s) + 1H₂S(g) → 1Ag₂S(s) + 1H₂(g).

According to principle of mass conservation, number of atoms must be equal on both side of balanced chemical reaction.

There are two silver atoms, two hydrogen atoms and one sulfur atom on both side of balanced chemical reaction.

The coefficients that will balance the tarnishing reaction equation are: 2, 1, 1,1

Chemical equations are representations of chemical reactions using symbols and formula of the reactants and products.

The reactants are located on the left side while the products are located on the right side.

Reactants —> Products

The balancing of chemical equations follows the law of conservation of matter which states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction but can be transferred from one form to another.

Thus, we can obtain the coefficients that will balance the tarnishing reaction equation by simply balancing the equation:

Ag(s) + H₂S(g) → Ag₂S(s) + H₂(g)

There are 2 atoms of Ag on the right side and 1 atom on the left side. It can be balanced by writing 2 before Ag as shown below:

2Ag(s) + H₂S(g) → Ag₂S(s) + H₂(g)

Thus, the equation is balanced.

The coefficients are: 2, 1, 1, 1

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The cell potential of a voltaic cell depends on the difference in reduction potential between the two half-cells. In this case, the copper electrode has a higher reduction potential than the nickel electrode, resulting in a positive cell potential of +0.59 V.

The cell potential of a voltaic cell can be determined by the difference in reduction potential between the two half-cells. In this case, the reduction potential of copper is higher than that of nickel. The copper electrode will be reduced while the nickel electrode will be oxidized. The standard cell potential for this voltaic cell is +0.59 V. Therefore, the correct answer is option b) Ecell0 = +0.59 V.

Final answer:

The mass of carbon dioxide produced in the combustion reaction of ethanol with oxygen, given that 54.0 g of water is produced, is 88.0 g.

Explanation:

In a combustion reaction of ethanol (C₂H₅OH), which reacts with oxygen (O₂) to produce water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), the mass of carbon dioxide produced can be calculated using the law of conservation of mass. The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of ethanol is:

C₂H₅OH (l) + 3O₂ (g) → 2CO₂ (g) + 3H₂O (g)

Given 46.0 g of ethanol reacts with 96.0 g of oxygen, and 54.0 g of water is produced, we can deduce the mass of carbon dioxide. By the conservation of mass, the total mass of reactants must be equal to the total mass of products:

Mass of reactants = Mass of products

46.0 g (ethanol) + 96.0 g (oxygen) = Mass of water + Mass of carbon dioxide

142.0 g (total reactants) = 54.0 g (water) + Mass of carbon dioxide

Mass of carbon dioxide = 142.0 g - 54.0 g = 88.0 g of CO₂

Therefore, the mass of carbon dioxide produced in this reaction is 88.0 g.

Answer:

-189.5

Explanation:

Correct with Acellus Chemistry

Answer:

High intermolecular forces of attraction.

Explanation:

When the molecules are attracted to each other, it takes more energy (heat) to break that attraction apart. In order to take a substance from a solid to a liquid, you must break these attractions.

To calculate the molar mass of the unknown compound, multiply the solution's molarity (7.89 M) by the volume in liters (2 L) to get the moles of solute, then divide the mass of the compound (10 g) by the calculated moles. The molar mass is found to be approximately 0.63 g/mol.

To determine the molar mass of the unknown compound, we first need to calculate the number of moles of the solute that was dissolved in water to form the 7.89 M solution.

Molarity (M) of a solution is given by the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Since we have a 7.89 M solution and the volume of the solution is 2 liters, we can calculate the number of moles:

Number of moles = Molarity × Volume = 7.89 moles/L × 2 L = 15.78 moles

Next, we use the mass of the unknown compound (10 g) to find its molar mass:

Molar mass = Mass of the compound / Number of moles = 10 g / 15.78 moles

Finally, when we perform this division, we find that the molar mass of the unknown compound is approximately:

Molar mass = 0.63 g/mol

Therefore, the molar mass of the unknown compound is 0.63 g/mol.

Matt's conclusion that only metals conduct both heat and electricity is partially correct. While most metals do conduct both, there are also non-metal substances, like graphite and ionic solutions, that exhibit these properties.

While Matt's observation that many materials that conduct heat also conduct electricity is correct, his conclusion that only metals conduct both heat and electricity is not completely accurate. In fact, there are also some non-metal materials which can conduct heat and electricity. For example, graphite, a form of carbon and a non-metal, has layers of carbon atoms that are free to move and conduct electricity. Similarly, many ionic solutions can also conduct electricity when they are in the liquid state as their ions are free to move.

Conduction of heat and electricity often happens in materials that have free electrons. Metals are a great example of this, but they're not the only example. So, while it's true that most metals do conduct both heat and electricity, it's important to note that they are not the only materials that can do so.

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The sentence that correctly sequences the underlined verbs is: "We have not received the final pieces that we will need to complete the collection."

A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being.

This sentence correctly uses the present perfect tense ("have not received") to indicate that the action of receiving the final pieces is still ongoing, and it uses the future tense ("will need") to indicate that the pieces are necessary for a future action (completing the collection).

Therefore, "We have not received the final pieces that we will need to complete the collection." is the sentence that correctly sequence the underlined verb.

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In a reduction reaction, some electrons are gained by the substance being reduced. The balanced half-reaction to this would be:

MnO2(s)  +  4 H+ (aq)  +  2e ---> Mn^2+ (aq)  +  2 H2O (aq)

It is called balanced reaction since the number of each element in the left side is equal to the number of each element on the right side.

The balanced half-reaction for the reduction of solid manganese dioxide (MnO2) to manganese ion (Mn^2+) in acidic aqueous solution is: 2MnO2 (s) + 4H+ (aq) + 2e- -> Mn^2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l).

The balanced half-reaction for the reduction of solid manganese dioxide (MnO2) to manganese ion (Mn^2+) in acidic aqueous solution is:

2MnO2 (s) + 4H+ (aq) + 2e- → Mn^2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l)

In this reaction, the solid manganese dioxide is reduced to manganese ion by gaining two electrons, and four hydrogen ions are involved in the reaction to balance the charges.

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Mary performs this calculation (3.0)(2.0). Her answer have two significant figure.

Hence, option B is correct answer.

Significant Figure is used to identify a number that is presented in the form of digits.

Mary perform this calculation (3.0) (2.0) and get the result 6.0 which has 2 significant digits.

Thus, from above conclusion we can say that Mary performs this calculation (3.0)(2.0). Her answer have two significant figure.

Hence, option B is correct answer.

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In the reaction, each mole of O2 produces 1.2 moles of H2O. By converting the mass of O2 in the problem to moles (using O2's molar mass), multiply by 1.2 to find moles of H2O, and then converting moles of H2O to grams (using H2O's molar mass), the problem can be solved.

This question concerns the reaction of ammonia (NH3) with oxygen gas (O2) to produce nitric oxide (NO) and water (H2O). This is an oxidation-reduction reaction. The balanced equation for the reaction is actually 4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) -> 4NO (g) + 6H2O (g). Oxygen's molar mass is 32.00 g/mol, the molar mass of water is 18.02 g/mol. Therefore, for every 5 mol of O2, 6 mol of H2O are produced, or every 1 mol of O2 produces 1.2 mol of H2O (6/5). So, you can calculate the number of moles of gas in 8.45 g then multiply by 1.2 to get the number of moles of H2O, and finally multiply this by the molar mass of H2O to find the mass in grams. The final answer can be rounded to 3 significant digits.

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Answer:

gold

Explanation:

Among the options listed, gold is the most stable metal. It's resistant to oxidation and corrosion, unlike the other metals. This is why it's often found in its native form and used for various purposes.

The stability of a metal is determined by its resistance to oxidation or corrosion, and by this standard, gold (option D) is the most stable metal among those listed. Gold does not easily react with other substances in the environment, making it highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation. This property is why gold is often found in its native form in nature, not combined with other elements, and why it's used for jewelry and in various industrial applications.

On the other hand, metals like potassium (option A) are highly reactive, readily oxidizing in air or reacting violently with water. Zinc (option B) and silver (option C) are less reactive than potassium, but still more reactive compared to gold.

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Answer: D 2.0 meters/second

Explanation:

Covalent bonds between atoms form when these atoms share one or more pairs of their valence electrons. This is a pathway to stability for the atoms involved. This type of bonding happens in many compounds, such as in a molecule of hydrogen.

A covalent bond between two atoms occurs when these atoms share one or more pairs of their valence electrons. In this type of bonding, both atoms contribute at least one electron to the shared pair. This is a way for both atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration, often completing an outer shell of electrons.

For example, consider the hydrogen molecule, H2. Hydrogen has one valence electron and needs two for stability, so two hydrogen atoms can share their electrons to form a covalent bond, resulting in a stable molecule.

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