The branching points on the evolutionary tree of animals are marked by significant changes, including the evolution or loss of traits. These include the appearance of legs or the amniotic egg, the number of heart chambers, body symmetry, and other developmental characteristics. The branches' length doesn't signify the amount of evolutionary change.
Explanation:The main features marking the branching points on the evolutionary tree of animals, also known as the phylogenetic tree, are significant character changes, including the evolution of new traits and the loss of old ones. For instance, the branch point that diverges mammals and reptiles from the frog lineage is marked by the evolution of the amniotic egg. Similarly, the branch point that gave rise to organisms with legs is found at the common ancestor of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and jawed fishes.
The branch points and branches in a phylogenetic tree represent evolutionary change. For example, the number of heart chambers in animals can change due to evolution and this is reflected on the evolutionary tree. Additionally, other key features such as body plan symmetry, number of germ tissue layers, and developmental characteristics like the presence or absence of an internal body cavity are used to determine branching points on the evolutionary tree.
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can illustrate such changes derived due to evolution. However, the length of the branches on the evolutionary tree should not be mistaken as an indicator of the amount of evolutionary change between organisms.
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Phase II drug degradation reactions involves linking of conjugates to the drugs are ___
A) Glutathione
B) Glycine
C) Both (a) & (b)
D) None of these
Answer:
Hi!
The answer is (C) Both (a) and (b)
Explanation:
Drug Metabolism:
Drug metabolism is divided into two steps: Phase 1 and Phase 2 reactions. Phase 1 reactions involve the degradation or formation of functional groups.Phase 2 reactions involve the conjugation of the drug or its Phase 1 intermediate with a polar conjugating molecule. Phase 2 generally performs the detoxification step in the drug degradation process. Phase 2 or conjugation reactions are further divided into 2 types: Type 1: Glucoronidation and sulfonation: An activated conjugating molecule such as glucoronic acid, sulfate or glutathione etc. is combined with the drug to form a conjugated molecule. Type 2: Amino acid conjugation: An activated drug or substrate is conjugated with an amino acid such as glycine or glutamine.Glutathione Conjugation:
Glutathione is a tripeptide found in most tissues, particularly in the liver. It performs important detoxification functions for all cells. The enzyme, glutathione S-transferase conjugates glutathione with drug intermediates to form a drug-glutathione conjugate. This conjugate can easily be excreted through bile or urine.
Amino acid Conjugation:
This is an important reaction in xenobiotic biotransformation; particularly for xenobiotics with carboxylic group or an aromatic hydroxylamine groups. Drug intermediates combine with glycine or glutamine to form an amino acid conjugate.
When two comparisons groups within an experiment are identical except for one variable the experiment is called
Answer:
Controlled experiment
Explanation:
A controlled experiment is a type of experimentation that is done under controlled conditions. The procedure entails changing or manipulating one (sometimes more than one) variable or factor at a time, but keeping everything else the same between the groups.
This is done to ensure that the factor or variable they are testing is what elicits any changes in the subject. One group is always kept in normal or standard conditions, to serve as a base line to compare to.
Select the correct answer.
Why might two elements possess similar chemical properties?
A.
They belong to the same group of the periodic table.
B.
They have the same physical state,
C.
They have similar physical properties.
D. They belong to the same period of the periodic table.
Rasat
Next
Answer:
The answer is: A. They belong to the same group of the periodic table.
Explanation:
Chemical properties of an element are determined by the number of electrons in its valence shell; also known as its electronic configuration. Elements that belong in the same group of the periodic table possess similar chemical properties due to similarity in the number of valence electrons.
CHE. UU
What are wetlands?
OA) where water covers the plants
OB) where water covers the road
OC) where water covers the animals
OD) where water covers the land
a mechanism of evolution that suggest changes in the gene pool of a population are due to chance is
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Why is it difficult to eliminate a recessive allele that expresses a detrimental trait?
Answer:
It is difficult to eliminate a recessive allele that expresses a detrimental trait because the carriers are usually asymptomatic & the disease is not phenotypically expressed until it is present as a homozygous pair.
This has been one of the many challenges of Eugenics.
Explanation:
11. Nery wants to create a Labradoodle. She says "If I mate a Poodle and a Labrador
Retriever, then I can breed a Labradoodle." Her statement is an example of a(n)
Select one:
A. Observation
B. Hypothesis
C. Procedure
D. Theory
Explanation:
B. Hypothesis
A scientist comes up with a hypothesis which is a testable explanation for the phenomenon or what’s occurring
A prediction of the outcome is usually made based on the hypothesis...
Further Explanation:
Scientific investigations usually begin with observations. These are typically something that would catch the researcher’s attention. Then, the scientist comes up with a hypothesis which is a testable explanation for the phenomenon or what’s occurring a prediction is usually made based on the hypothesis.
A prediction of the outcome is usually made based on the hypothesis, after which it is tested via an experiment. The scientist then use the results to make new hypotheses or predict certain outcomes.
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This is the process in which two chromosomes exchange DNA during prophase of meiosis.
Answer:
The process in which two chromosomes exchange DNA during prophase of meiosis is called HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION
Explanation:
This process occur in the prophase 1 of meiosis where DNA exchange occurs
1. Which of the following best explains why a cell needs ATP?
Answer:
Explanation: rnvnuvibleruvbvuheowibvuivwencjerijedneieru freck you
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Answer 12
Answer:
The 2 ways abiotic factors affect biotic factors are as follows:
An alligator submerges itself under water to stay cool in the summer.A naked mole rat creates burrows underground.Explanation:
Abiotic Factors:
All non-living factors that is present or influences an ecosystem. Abiotic factors determine the dynamics of an ecosystem such as the terrain, the atmosphere as well as the inhabitant flora and fauna. Water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature, and soil are all abiotic factors.
Biotic Factors:
All living factors in an ecosystem i.e. the plants and animals.
Lets analyze all the options:
A bird picking food out of an alligator's teeth is an interaction between 2 biotic factors, the bird and the alligator or in another case, the bird and the food.Water being oxygenated is an interaction between 2 abiotic factors: water and oxygen.A pea plant with round seeds (RR) is crossbred with another pea plant with wrinkled seeds (rr). What is the probability of the offspring having wrinkled seeds?
Answer:
0
Explanation:
The parent plants are each heterozygous for round seeds and heterozygous for wrinkled seeds. Each parent contributes one allele to the offspring plant. As such, the only possible genotype of all offspring plants would be Rr (which would have round seeds as round seeds allele is dominant). Hence, no offspring can have wrinkled seeds.
Answer: 0%
Explanation: The parent plants are each heterozygous for round seeds and heterozygous for wrinkled seeds. Each parent contributes one allele to the offspring plant.
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what part of your school fils up the inside of the cell
Answer:
1) vacuole= ur school canteen (if u hve one)
2) chloroplast = ur science teachers
3) lysosomes= ur MATH TEACHER!!!!!!!!! lol
4)NUCLEUS=UR PRINCIPAL'S OFFICE
5)Golgi body = ur school bus
6) cell wall= guards at ur school
In rna the nucleotide is used in place of thymine in dna
Answer:
In RNA, thymine is replaced with Uracil.
Explanation:
Genetic material (DNA and RNA) is made up of nucleotides. These are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil. Three of them (Adenine, Cytosine, and Guanine) are present in both types of genetic material, i.e. DNA and RNA. However, in DNA Thymine is present whereas in RNA, Uracil replaces Thymine. They are similar in structure except that Thymine has additional methyl group.
How do enzymes act as catalysts
A) Provide proper orientation to the reactant
B) They provide reaction surface
C) They weaken bonds
D) All of these
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Enzymes are proteins functioning as catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy. A simple and succinct definition of an enzyme is that it is a biological catalyst that accelerates a chemical reaction without altering its equilibrium.
By the end of prophase, each of the following has occurred except ____.
Question 7 options:
tighter coiling of the chromosomes
breaking down of the nuclear envelope
disappearing of the nucleolus
lining up of chromosomes in the cell
By the end of prophase in Mitosis, each of the following has occurred except lining up of the chromosomes in the cell.
Explanation:
Prophase is divided into 2 phases early and late prophase.
Early prophase: The nuclear membrane starts dissociating, centrioles starts to migrate to the opposite poles, chromatin fibres (4) becomes thicker and condensed,
Late Prophase: From the centrioles that are at the opposite poles, Spindle fibres and 2 astral rays are formed. The spindle fibres get attached to the chromosomes.
The prophase will be followed by the metaphase, the chromosomes formed will be adjusted at the equatorial plate.
The description 'lining up of chromosomes in the cell' does NOT occur by the end of prophase.
Mitosis is a cell division by which one cell is divided to generate two genetically identical daughter cells.This type of cell division has four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.During prophase, the chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears and centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell (animal cells).During metaphase, the chromosomes align at the equator plate of the cell in order to travel to opposite poles in anaphase.In conclusion, the description 'lining up of chromosomes in the cell' does NOT occur by the end of prophase.
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51. Surface processes related to the effects of wind are called
Answer:
Surface processes related to the effects of wind are called EROSION
Explanation:
Erosion is the removal of top soil, dissolved minerals, rocks from one location to another
Using the product rule of probability, calculate the odds of getting an individual that receives the bb genotype and therefore shows the recessive trait, white flowers. A) 1/4 X 1/4 = 1/16 B) 1/2 X 1/2 = 1/4 C) 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2 D) 3 X 1/4 = 3/4; 1 - 3/4 = 1/4
The recessive trait, white flowers are shown as 1/2* 1/2= 1/4. So, the correct option is B.
What is Probability?Probability means possibility which is a branch of mathematics that deals with the occurrence of a random event. The value is expressed from zero to one. Probability has been introduced in Mathematics to predict how likely events are to happen.
A probability rule that is very useful in genetics is the product rule, which states that the probability of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously can be calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of the events. Like in above given information, Probability of recessive trait is 1/4.
Thus. the recessive trait, white flowers are shown as 1/2* 1/2= 1/4. So, the correct option is B.
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What is vermin composting
Answer: the type of composting in which some species of earthworms are used to enhance the process of organic waste conversion and produce a better end product it is the process of utilizing microorganism and earthworms
Final answer:
Vermin composting is the biological process that uses worms and micro-organisms to break down organic waste into nutrient-rich compost, with various organisms interacting within this ecosystem.
Explanation:
Vermin composting, also known as vermicomposting, is the process of using various species of worms, such as red wigglers or earthworms, to decompose organic food waste, turning it into a nutritious soil amendment known as vermicompost. This composting process involves both physical and chemical decomposition facilitated by the worms and an array of micro-organisms. A compost pile may exhibit heat due to the exothermic reactions of decomposition, and sometimes interesting organisms such as slime molds can be found growing on compost.
Some complex ecosystems, like those in an underground garden, could involve organisms like fungi interacting with leaf litter and waste to create food sources, such as the nodular proliferations used by certain ants. The resulting compost is rich in nutrients, improving soil structure and fertility when applied to gardens and crop fields. This kind of composting not only recycles waste but also reduces landfill use and enhances plant growth.
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Answer:
A
Explanation:
The data shows us the bubbles produced per minute when the light source is at different distances away from the plant. The closer the light source is to the plant, the greater the light intensity. In the table, there are a larger amount of bubbles produced the closer the light source is to the plant. Therefore, the data supports that the higher the light intensity, the more gas produced by the plant, i.e. option A
The data does not tell us anything about water uptake by the plant (as in B). The data also does not tell us anything about the energy required for photosynthesis (as in C), or how much carbon dioxide is needed (as in D).
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Some rivers no longer reach the ocean because
A) mud and sand from floods have blocked their channels
B) too much water is taken out of the watershed upstream
C) they are now polluted and people have redirected them
D) there is too much erosion and reshaping in the watershed
what is the solution set of the quadratic equation x^4-x^2-2=0
Answer:
(x^4-x^2-2)^0=0
0=0
simple
I don’t think this question belongs to biology section nut if understood you well
2-2=0
x^2-2=x^0
x^0=1
Then x^4-x^0=x^4-1=x^3
So x^4-x^2-2=x^3
Now the equation is x^3=0
The same is x^3=0^3
so x=0
Bacteria, like the Lactobacillus acidophilus use sugar as an energy source for anaerobic cellular respiration. This process produces much less ATP than aerobic respiration and does not produce carbon dioxide as a by-product. It does, however, give yogurt its sour taste and prevents other food spoiling bacteria from developing.
Answer: Lactic acid fermentation
Explanation:
The lactic acid fermentation can be defined as the process by which sugar is being converted into lactic acid.
There is no emission of carbon dioxide during the whole process. In case of curd formation. The bacteria convert the milk into curd and provides it a sour taste.
It is converted by help of bacteria known as Lactobacillus acidophillus. This method is very frequently in many of food processing industry.
Why is the Calvin cycle dependent on the light-dependent reaction?
Answer:
The overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. This chemical energy will be used by the Calvin cycle to fuel the assembly of sugar molecules.
Explanation:
Bio 254 - Pre-Class Assignment 1
Fill in the blanks
1. The "first line of defense" in innate immunity is
2.
Histamine kinins, and interleukins are examples of
Question 1:
Answer:
The "first line of defence" in innate immunity is "Physical and chemical barriers".
Explanation
"Physical and chemical barriers" is first line of defence includes that are ready to defend the living organism's body from infection at any time . These barriers include your skin, cilia, tears, urine flow, mucus, stomach acid, friendly bacteria and white blood cells . Skin acts as a mechanical barrier as it does not allows all the organism to pass through it unless the skin is cut or open. Similarly mouth eyes, and nose are also the ways through with the disease causing organism can enter the body. The micro-organisms that entered through these pathways are trapped either in saliva or mucus and swallowed and later either killed in the stomach or flushed out via the urine. If this first line of defence is broken or damaged, the second line of defence inside our body will be activated.
Question 2:
Answer:
Histamine kinins, and interleukins are examples of inflammatory mediators.
Explanation:
Inflammatory mediators are identified in inflammatory bowel disease IBD.These mediators play an vital role in the clinical and pathologic characteristics of the disorders. Cytokines, that are released by macrophages in due to antigenic stimuli, are binded different receptors and produce endocrine, autocrine and paracrine effects. Interleukins are a subset of a large group of 'cellular messenger molecules' called cytokines that modulates the cellular behaviour. Interleukins are not stored within cells like cytokines but they are released immediately, in response to a stimulus. Once an interleukin has been secreted, it moves to the target cell and binds to it through a receptor molecule on the surface of the cell . This interaction triggers a sequence of signals in the target cell that ultimately leads to the alteration in the behaviour of the cell.
Jackrabbit
The jackrabbit is a desert mammal. The jackrabbit's
circulatory system increases blood flow to the ears
during hot days. The blood flow to the ears decreases
during cool or cold nights. This circulation pattern is
most directly related to
A detoxification
B excretion
O Cosmosis
D homeostasis
OSE
CHO
Answer:
Hello!
The answer is D) Homeostasis
Explanation:
Homeostasis:
The regulation of a cell or an animal's internal environment in response to fluctuations in the external environment is called homeostasis.
Homeostasis is crucial to maintain an optimum environment for cell structures to work effectively.
In this case, the jackrabbiit's circulatory system is responding to fluctuating temperatures. In hot days, the body is at risk of heating up above optimum temperature which could hamper body functions. Therefore, the blood flow to the ears is increased to facilitate heat loss.
In cold temperatures, the blood flow to the ears is decreased to conserve heat for vital body organs. The blood flow is directed to the core of the body to protect the heart, lungs, liver and brain.
Final answer:
The jackrabbit's circulatory system adapts to temperature changes by regulating blood flow to its ears, directly relating to homeostasis, which maintains a stable internal environment in varying temperatures.
Explanation:
The jackrabbit's circulatory system facilitates the regulation of body temperature, a phenomenon known as homeostasis. On hot days, vasodilation occurs, increasing blood flow to the jackrabbit's ears where heat can be dissipated through radiation and evaporative cooling. Conversely, on cooler nights, vasoconstriction minimizes blood flow to the ears to conserve body heat. This pattern directly relates to homeostasis because it is a way for the organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite the varying external temperatures.
What are two effects of urban sprawl on an owls ecosystem and explain?
Answer:
Urban sprawl has caused a lot of damage to ecosystems and the environment. Since the owl ecosystem is in question, the following two effects are seen-
1. Loss of food
2. Loss of habitat
Explanation:
Urban sprawl is the process by which urbanization is taking place by destroying forests and constructing buildings and cities. The owl is a nocturnal bird that sleeps during the day and preys at night. The owl feeds on small rodents, grasshoppers, snakes etc. They live in trees, farmlands, prairie, etc.
If the forests are cut, the trees where the owls reside will be lost. They will become homeless and will have to move elsewhere to find food.
Since they feed on rodents, these rodents hide in the grass and under the trees. If the grass and trees are destroyed to make roads and buildings, the owl will remain hungry and will eventually die if it does not relocate.
please i want the answer and explanation , explanation is needed
I think it’s c
Primarily, lactic acid fermentation differs from ethyl alcohol fermentation in that lactic acid, rather than ethanol, is the resulting by-product. When exposed to oxygen, lactic acid molecules break down into carbon dioxide and water.
How does a greenhouse works
Answer:
A greenhouse is a building with glass walls and a glass roof. Greenhouses are used to grow plants, such as tomatoes and tropical flowers. A greenhouse stays warm inside, even during the winter. In the daytime, sunlight shines into the greenhouse and warms the plants and air inside.
Explanation:
2. What could cause several species to evolve into several hundred species?
Answer:
Evolutionary process could cause several species to evolve into several hundred species
Explanation:
Being an evolutionary process, it gives rise to new species in more numbers. It is caused because of mutation upon a certain population for a long time. Various other mechanism can also lead to speciation. Another thing is also responsible for it that is genetic drift which leads to random ups and down in the population frequencies. That is helpful in evolution of several other species. Natural selection is also an factor for large evolution and species formation