Answer:
a. population reproductive strategies.
Explanation:
Strategies K and r are closely related to reproductive strategy, habitat selection and the ability to disperse.
The organisms that reproduce by strategy r are small organisms that reach maturity in a short time, have short life periods, have numerous offspring (many of which fail to reach adulthood), devote little or no energy to breeding of the youngest of the species, they do not have mechanisms to limit their reproduction to the carrying capacity of their habitat, and tend to be opportunistic invading new areas and adapting to them easily. In this group are most insects, plants that reproduce by spores, turtles, toads and rabbits. The population of these species considered strategic r depends largely on how quickly they reproduce, and not on the carrying capacity of the habitat.
K strategists, on the other hand, are larger, mature very slowly, tend to live for a longer period of time, their offspring are more resistant to diseases, have few young, dedicate time and energy to raising children , they have mechanisms to limit their reproduction and adjust it to the carrying capacity of their habitat, and they remain in a particular habitat without invading those of other species.
In the spinal cord dissection, which of the following structures did you NOT need to dissect in order to view the spinal cord: Select one:a. longissiumus thoracisb. serratus posteriorc. external obliquesd. multifidus
Answer:
External oblique muscle
Explanation:
The relationship of the genome to an organism is similar to that of the __________ to a population.
Answer:
Phenotypes
Explanation:
Genome represents the complete set of genetic material of any organism. It includes all the genes and alleles of that particular organism. The same relationship is between the phenotypes and a population.
The variations in genetic allele pair due to the large set of genome that give rise to varied physical characteristics or traits collectively known as phenotype. The larger is the genome size, the higher will be the variability in phenotypes.
Which of the answer choices is a cross section of the highlighted region of the mushroom in the picture
Answer:
The mushroom in the picture and the option choices are included in the attached image. below...
The highlighted region of the mushroom in the picture represents the mushroom's "Gills", and paticularlly the multicellular structure carrying the Hymenium called "the basidiocarp" aka basidioma; the Hymenium or underside of the mushrooms is comprised of vertical plates arranged radially, and if a cross section of this is exposed by making a straight cut through the basidiocarp on a microscope, it would appear as option: (A. )
The cross section of the highlighted region of the mushroom is likely to show the microscopic structure of the gills lined with basidiospores. The images related to the microscopic examination, such as the gill structure and the presence of basidium with basidiospores or clamp connections, help identify this specific section of the mushroom.
Explanation:The student's question appears to involve identifying the cross section of a highlighted region of a mushroom, likely based on microscopy images provided. The mushroom anatomy includes several key components such as the gills, basidiospores, and hyphae with clamp connections. A cross section of a mushroom typically features a detailed view of these structures.
A correct cross section might show the gills of a mushroom, which are thin layers under the cap where spores develop. The basidiospores would be found lining the gills and could be visible as tiny dots or structures on the gills themselves. Hyphae with clamp connections are indicative of the cellular structure of the fungus and can also be present in a microscopic cross-section view.
The provided references, such as descriptions of light microscopy of gill mushrooms and figures showing hyphae from a mushroom, aid in identifying the region as the gills lined with basidiospores. For example, a cross section that captures basidium with basidiospores sitting atop its sterigmata, or one that depicts spores having been released from the sterigmata, would be representative of the cross section of the gills of a mushroom as highlighted in the question.
Water is essential for survival. It is important to understand the factors that affect water balance and the best sources to help an individual meet daily water requirements.
Select all the sentences below that correctly describe water.
Select all that apply.
1-Sweating during exercise is considered insensible water loss.
2-Water helps maintain body temperature.
3-Diuretics like alcohol and some medications can cause the body to lose water.
4-Caffeinated drinks like coffee or tea cannot count toward an individual’s daily fluid needs.
5-Foods like bread or crackers do not contribute to total water intake
Answer:
2-Water helps maintain body temperature.
3-Diuretics like alcohol and some medications can cause the body to lose water.
Explanation:
Dehydration occurs when the amount of what loss is more than the amount taken. And we lose water in many ways therefore taking water on a regular basis is important to replace the fluids lost and keep the body functioning.
Water Maintains the Body Temperature
During high temperature, the body cools itself naturally by sweating and by sweating a large amount of water is lost. So when enough water is not taken, there will be less production of sweating thereby causing the body's temperature to rise.
Alcohol Causes Water Loss
Taking excess alcohol can result to dehydration because the hormone called anti-diuretic (while alcohol is diuretic) is used to reabsorb water by the body and alcohol in the body depletes the production of this hormone. The body loses more water than normal with a reduced amount of anti-diuretic in the body. Excessive intake of alcohol can also cause vomiting, which depletes the body of fluids and can cause further dehydration.
The statement that describes water as an essential for survival and the factors that affects its balance in our body and as a best source in meeting daily target are:
2-Water helps maintain body temperature.
3-Diuretics like alcohol and some medications can cause the body to lose water.
Water can be regarded as the best substance that can keep our body hydrated. Water helps in maintaining our Body Temperature, when our temperature is high, we loose water through sweating and our body becomes cool.However we do loose some water during rigorous exercise as well as other human activities which is considered Dehydration.Diuretics such alcohol can make our body to become dehydrated because drinking of alcohol usually limit the production of anti-diuretic hormones in our body.Therefore, option 2 and 3 are correct.
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A new screening test for Lyme disease is developed for use in the general population. The sensitivity and specificity of the new test are 60% and 70%, respectively. Three hundred people are screened at a clinic during the first year the new test is implemented. (Assume the true prevalence of Lyme disease among clinic attendees is 10%.) Calculate the following values:The predictive value of a positive test is:
A. 33.0%
B. 18.2%
C. 94.0%
D. 22.2%
E. 6.0%
Answer:
The predictive value of a positive test is:
B. 18.2%
Explanation:
A 68-year old patient with Alzheimer disease was brought to the emergency room by the staff of a local nursing home. He presented as lethargic with a sallow complexion. He had an admission temperature of 102.4F and a respiratory rate of 33/minute. During respiration, the right side of his chest moved better than the left. He showed dense consolidation of the lower lobe of the left lung on physical exam. A sputum sample revealed blood and a greenish color. A chest x-ray showed tight consolidation of the left lung with evidence of formation of cavities in the lung tissue from cytotoxic damage. The patient complained of chills in the exam room, combined with his fever. A smear of his sputum demonstrated no acid-fast bacteria.
Requried:
Diagnose this case study.
Answer:Left Lobar pneumonia
Explanation:
Since the smear test with acid acid fast bacteria is negative,then the test is tuberculosis The respiration, chills,and fever pointed to pneumonia and the consolidation in the left suggested;left lobar.
Body color in a fish is controlled by one gene with two alleles. Homozygotes for one allele and heterozygotes are bright red, whereas homozygotes for the other allele are brown. You collect 100 individuals from a population and count 84 red individuals and 16 brown individuals. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the recessive allele
Final answer:
The frequency of the recessive allele in a fish population where 16 out of 100 individuals display the recessive phenotype is 0.4, calculated using the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
Explanation:
To calculate the frequency of the recessive allele using the Hardy-Weinberg principle, we must first designate the allele frequencies as p for the dominant allele and q for the recessive allele. In the observed fish population with individuals displaying two phenotypes (bright red and brown), we know that brown coloration is the recessive phenotype, which means those individuals are homozygous recessive (qq). Given that there are 16 brown (recessive phenotype) individuals out of 100, we can say that q² (the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype) is 0.16. To find the frequency of the recessive allele (q), we take the square root of 0.16, giving us q = 0.4. Therefore, the frequency of the recessive allele in the population is 0.4.
Base your answer to the following question on the statement below and on your knowledge of biology. Some internal environmental factors may interfere with the ability of an enzyme to function efficiently. Identify two internal environmental factors that directly influence the rate of enzyme action.
Answer:
Temperature & Presence of any inhibitors or activators.
Explanation:
Temperature: Although a higher temperature increases the rate of reaction, enzymes denature after a specific temperature. At different temperatures, the different enzyme works. So, for getting a particular function from an enzyme, proper temperature is needed. If adequate temperature won't present or temperature will fluctuate, the enzyme won't be able to work effectively.
Presence of any inhibitors or activators: When any inhibitors will present during an enzymatic reaction, the enzyme won't be able to work effectively. And if any activators will present, it will completely change the work efficiency of any enzyme.
Some people have freckles, and some people do not have freckles. If a child has freckles, at least one parent has freckles. However, the child may have a sibling that does not have freckles. Which statement best describes the presence of freckles? Freckles are not determined by DNA. There are two alleles for freckles. There is no dominant allele for freckles. Freckles are determined by two genes instead of by one.
The statement that correctly describes the presence of freckles is there are two alleles for freckles, hence option B is correct.
What is alleles?An allele is a variation of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same place on a long DNA molecule, as described in leading textbooks on genetics and evolution.
Small, brownish to reddish dots on your skin are known as freckles. They frequently appear on your face, neck, back, upper chest, hands, and arms, as well as other sun-exposed places. Even though freckles are typically not harmful, it is always a good idea to keep an eye out for any changes.
Therefore, the statement that correctly describes the presence of freckles is there are two alleles for freckles, hence option B is correct.
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Which lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?
Answer: low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
Explanation:
Low-density lipoprotein is the major carrier of cholesterol in blood. The loss of triacylglycerols convert Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) to low-density lipoproteins (LDL), thus making LDL the lipoprotein with the highest percentage of cholesterol.
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) is the type of lipoprotein that contains the highest percentage of cholesterol. Although chylomicrons do carry cholesterol, they are not the lipoprotein with the highest percentage.
Explanation:The type of lipoprotein that contains the highest percentage of cholesterol is Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), often referred to as 'bad cholesterol'. However, it's necessary to understand that lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple types of lipids, including cholesterol, as well as proteins. Each type of lipoprotein carries different proportions of these components, with LDL carrying the greatest proportion of cholesterol.
A chylomicron, as described in your question, is one type of lipoprotein. It is large, water-soluble, and transports triglycerides, cholesterol, and other lipids from the intestine, through the lymphatic system, and into the bloodstream. Triglycerides within chylomicrons are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol that can be used for energy or stored in adipose tissue. The remaining chylomicron remnants are taken up by liver cells, which combine them with proteins to form other lipoproteins that transport cholesterol in the blood.
In summary, while chylomicrons and other lipoproteins do contain cholesterol, it is the Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) that carries the greatest proportion of cholesterol.
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In the root of which of the following are the xylems and phloems arranged in a ring? (A) Gymnosperms.(B) Eudicots.(C) All plants.(D) Monocots.
Answer:
Eudicots
Explanation:
The make up like 75% of flowering plants. Their vascular tissues (xylem and phloem are arranged in a ring like structure
In the root of **eudicots**, the xylem and phloem tissues are arranged in a ring. This type of arrangement is known as the **"vascular cambium"** or **"vascular cylinder."** The corect option is B.
Eudicots, also known as dicotyledonous plants, are one of the two major groups of flowering plants (angiosperms).
1. **Eudicots:** Eudicots are a diverse group of flowering plants that typically have two cotyledons (seed leaves) and exhibit various characteristics, including the arrangement of vascular tissues in their roots. In eudicot roots, the vascular tissues, which include xylem (responsible for water and mineral transport) and phloem (responsible for nutrient transport), are arranged in a distinct ring.
2. **Monocots:** Monocots, the other major group of flowering plants, have only one cotyledon. In monocot roots, the arrangement of vascular tissues is scattered rather than forming a distinct ring. The xylem and phloem are typically arranged in bundles that are scattered throughout the root cross-section.
3. **Gymnosperms:** Gymnosperms, which include conifers and other seed-bearing plants, also have vascular tissues in their roots, but the arrangement can vary. Some gymnosperms have vascular tissues arranged in a more complex manner, rather than a simple ring.
4. **All Plants:** While all plants have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) responsible for transportation, the arrangement of these tissues in the root can differ based on the plant's evolutionary lineage.
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The bottleneck effect occurs when A. large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves B. many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity C. many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population D. small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.
Answer:
B. many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity
Explanation:
When certain environmental fluctuations such as reduced food supply or an outbreak of disease result in a sudden decrease in the population size, the population is said to be going through a bottleneck. Bottleneck reduces genetic diversity due to the loss of alleles/genes from the population. Therefore, the death of many members of a population due to some adverse environmental factors and the resultant reduction in genetic diversity represents the bottleneck effect.
Final answer:
Correct option is b. The bottleneck effect describes a scenario in which a population is dramatically reduced in size due to an environmental event, leading to a significant loss of genetic diversity as only a few individuals survive to pass on their genes.
Explanation:
The bottleneck effect occurs when a population undergoes a significant reduction in size, frequently due to a sudden environmental event, such as a natural disaster or disease, which by chance may cause the allele frequencies of the survivors to be different from those of the original population. This results in a loss of genetic diversity and can greatly affect the genetic structure of the resultant population. The correct option that describes this scenario is B. many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity, as it captures the essence of the bottleneck effect, where only a few members survive to pass on their genes, altering the population's genetic makeup.
Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene? Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene? a unit of heredity that causes formation of a phenotypic characteristic a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide a DNARNA sequence combination that results in an enzymatic product a DNA subunit that codes for a single complete protein a discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a sequence of amino acids
Answer:
a unit of heredity that causes formation a phenotypic characteristics
A gene is described as a unit of heredity that causes the formation of a phenotypic characteristic. Therefore, option A is correct.
What are genes and their function?Genes are segments of DNA that hold the instructions needed to create a single, usually protein-producing, molecule in your body. These proteins regulate how our body develops and functions; they are also in charge of determining many of our physical traits, like our eye color, blood type, and height.
In the chromosomes, genes that code for a specific character's assigned expression is present in a linear order. They transfer from one generation to another.
Thus, a gene is described as a unit of heredity that causes the formation of a phenotypic characteristic. Therefore, option A is correct.
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Check ALL of the following that are possible consequences of reassortment in viruses. A. Reassortment can be used by researchers in the lab to produce "live attenuated" vaccines. B. Reassortment can lead to the evolution of new strains of influenza. C. Reassortment can recombine genetic elements from different influenza strains.
Answer:
All options are correct.
Explanation:
Viruses can be considered in the border line between the living and non living organisms. The viruses behaves like non living outside the host and once enter in the host starts reproducing and acts as living organisms.
Reassortments is the formation of the new genetic material in the host. This reassortment ability can be used by the scientists for the vaccine preparation. This reassortment are responsible for the evolution of new strains as well as can form new genetic material from the different strains of virus.
Thus, all given options are correct.
Select ALL of the following that are directly used to control fatty acid oxidation in cells.
A. negative feedback regulation if free fatty acids accumulate
B. changing the activity of the acylcarnitine shuttle
C. targeting the acetyl-CoA transport shuttle in the mitochondrial membrane
D. altering the activity of the oxidoreductase enzymes in β-oxidation
Answer:
The correct statements are A negative feed back regulation if free fatty acid accumulate C targeting the acetyl CoA transport shuttle in the mitochondrial membrane
Explanation:
The beta oxidation of fatty acid can be regulated by several following ways.
A The accumulation of free fatty acids exerts negative feedback during beta oxidation of fatty acids.As oxidation of fatty acids result in the breakdown of complex fatty acids in free fatty acids and acetyl CoA,the accumulation of free fatty acids lowers the rate of beta oxidation of fatty acid.
C The targeting of end product of beta oxidation that is acetyl CoA to the mitochondrial membrane also regulates the beta oxidation pathway.Because more the transport of acetyl CoA to the mitochondrial membrane more will be the rate of fatty acid break down by beta oxidation.
The presence of multiple hexokinase isozymes (I-IV) for the phosphorylation of glucose enables specific organs to regulate carbohydrate metabolism in a unique way. Hexokinase IV (blue curve in the plot below), also called glucokinase, is the predominant isozyme in liver and has distinct kinetic properties from the other hexokinase isozymes (representative curve in red). Note the difference in the shapes of the curves within the physiological range of glucose concentration (~4 to 6 mM).
Answer:
i could not figure it out though i tried my best
Explanation:
Following a flood, migration from neighboring populations alters genotypic frequencies of a population of river-bottom midges. Assuming that the conditions for Hardy–Weinberg subsequently are met, how many generations of random mating are required to restore the genotypic frequencies to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium?(A) Between 3 and 10(B) Between 11 and 20(C) 2(D) 1(E) More than 20
Answer: D
Explanation: Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) principle assumes the following;
1. Random mating
2. No migration
3. No selection
4. No mutation
5. Large population
When genotype frequencies in a population deviate from H-W principle, it takes only one (1) generation of random mating to H-W equilibrium if the above assumptions hold, that the frequencies in males and females are equal and that the locus is autosomal.
In the case of different allele frequencies between the sexes, it will take two (2) generations of random mating to H-W equilibrium.
Also, it will take multiple generations to attain equilibrium for sex-linked loci because one sex has two copies of the gene and the other sex has only one.
Final answer:
Migration after a flood can disrupt the genotypic frequencies of a population. In order to restore the genotypic frequencies to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, multiple generations of random mating will be needed. The exact number of generations required will depend on the extent of the frequency changes.
Explanation:
In this scenario, migration from neighboring populations alters the genotypic frequencies of a population of river-bottom midges after a flood. To restore the genotypic frequencies to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, random mating is required.
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle states that, under certain conditions, the allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary forces. These conditions include no mutation, no migration, a large population size, random mating, and no natural selection.
In this case, since migration has disrupted the genotypic frequencies, random mating over multiple generations will be needed to restore the frequencies to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The number of generations required depends on the extent of the genotypic frequency changes and can vary. However, it is likely to take more than 20 generations of random mating to restore the genotypic frequencies to equilibrium.
Multiple couples living in a small village in the eastern African lowlands, all of whom are heterozygous for the HbS allele, have 500 children among them. Of these children, 139 are homozygous for HbA, 279 are heterozygous for HbS, and 82 suffer from sickle cell disease. Are these data statistically significant? Explain using a chi-square statistical analysis test.
Answer:
Significant
Explanation:
Please see the attachment
Final answer:
A chi-square statistical analysis can be used to determine whether the genotype frequencies of children born to heterozygous parents in an African village (HbSA) differ significantly from expected ratios. The analysis compares observed and expected frequencies of HbAA, HbAS, and HbSS to assess statistical significance, informing on the persistence of the HbS allele due to heterozygote advantage in malaria-endemic areas.
Explanation:
To determine whether the observed frequencies of the genotypes are statistically significant, we can use a chi-square statistical analysis. The expected genotype frequencies in the children can be calculated based on the Mendelian inheritance given that both parents are heterozygous (HbSA).
For heterozygous parents, the expected genotypic ratio would be 1 HbAA:2 HbAS:1 HbSS.
Expected number of children for each genotype based on 500 offspring:
HbAA = 500 / 4 = 125HbAS = 500 / 2 = 250HbSS = 500 / 4 = 125The chi-square test formula is:
χ² = Σ[(observed - expected)² / expected]
Applying the observed frequencies:
For HbAA: (139 - 125)² / 125For HbAS: (279 - 250)² / 250For HbSS: (82 - 125)² / 125The sum of these values is the chi-square statistic. Comparing this value with the critical value from the chi-square distribution table for 2 degrees of freedom (since there are three categories - AA, AS, SS - and one degree of freedom is lost) will determine if the difference between observed and expected is statistically significant. If the calculated chi-square value is higher than the critical value, the null hypothesis (no difference between observed and expected) is rejected, indicating that the observed frequencies are not due to chance alone.
The persistence of the HbS allele is explained by the heterozygote advantage in malaria-endemic regions. Heterozygous individuals (HbAS) are more resistant to malaria compared to homozygous HbAA, maintaining the allele in the population despite the disadvantages to homozygous HbSS individuals. This form of selection is known as balancing selection, illustrating how heterozygotes can have a selective advantage in certain environments, which helps explain the continued presence of the HbS allele in modern populations.
Green plants are the first living organism in a food chain. Where do plants get the energy that they pass along to the primary consumers in their food chains? A. from secondary consumers B. from the Sun C. from other plants D. from decomposersGreen plants are the first living organism in a food chain. Where do plants get the energy that they pass along to the primary consumers in their food chains? A. from secondary consumers B. from the Sun C. from other plants D. from decomposers
Answer:
The sun
Explanation:
They trap the energy with the help of chlorophyll
The ability of the human body to break down the red color in beets is controlled by an autosomal dominant allele. The inability is recessive, detected by red coloration of the urine (we will call this phenotype 'secretor'). If a nonsecretor woman with a secretor father has children with a nonsecretor man who in a previous relationship had a secretor daughter, what is the probability that their first child will be a secretor girl?A)1/2B)1/4C)1/8D)3/8E)1/3
Answer:
c. 1/8
Explanation:
Let's assume that the recessive allele "s" gives the "secretor" phenotype in the homozygous state while the dominant allele "S" is responsible for the "nonsecretor" phenotype.
According to the given information, the nonsecretor woman has a “secretor” father (ss). This makes the woman heterozygous dominant (Ss) for the trait. Likewise, the man has a “secretor” daughter (ss) from the previous relationship. Therefore, the man is also heterozygous dominant (Ss) for the trait.
A cross between two heterozygous dominant parents (Ss x Ss) would produce progeny in following ratio= 3/4 Nonsecretor (1/4 SS and 1/2 Ss): 1/4 Secretor (1/4 ss)
During each reproductive cycle, there are 1/2 chances for a couple to have a girl child (XX x XY= 1/2 XX: 1/2 XY). Therefore, the probability that their first child will be a “secretor girl”= 1/4 x 1/2= 1/8 .
In order to save the northern spotted owl, _______ was banned on much of the old-growth forest in the Pacific Northwest where the owl lives.
Answer:
Logging
Explanation:
The basic and essential ban on logging in much of the old-growth forest in the Pacific Northwest where the owl lives was to help save the northern spotted owl.
Describe and differentiate between the following heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. In your section on radiation, describe and differentiate between radiative heat transfer between animals and other terrestrial objects, radiative heat transfer between animals, radiative heat transfer between animals and the clear night sky and radiative heat transfer between animals and the sun.
Answer:
Explanation: Radiation is divergence out from a central point, in particular evolution from an ancestral animal or plant group into a variety of new forms.
Ectotherms vs. endotherms
sun is Earth’s principal source of radiative energy. With a surface temperature of
approximately 6000K, the sun’s electromagnetic radiation transmits some of this heat in the
form of infrared radiation to our atmosphere and to varied surfaces on Earth
Suppose the size of a population of marmots is 300. According to genetic drift theory, what is the probability that a newly arisen mutation will become fixed in this population? Select one:a. 1/1200b. 1/100c. 1d. 1/300e. 1/600
Answer:
E. 1/600
Explanation:
Hint:
The probability of fixation of a new neutral mutation is 1/(2N)
Given N as 300
= 1/(2×300)
=1/600
Therefore,
1/600 gives a sure fixation of one allele from the large population
The Vocabulary of Toxicity and Deficiency of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water, and excess intake is generally excreted. Fortification of foods in the United States has reduced the incidence of deficiencies for many of these vitamins, but inadequate intake is still possible. Toxicity is less likely since these vitamins are not stored in the body, but excessive intake can still cause undesirable symptoms in some cases.
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right.
a. vitamin B6
b. vitamin B12
c. niacin
d. folate
e. thiamin
f. vitamin C
g. pantothenic acid
1. --------------------------: A deficiency of this vitamin causes beriberi, which is characterized by weakness, swelling, and tingling or numbness in the hands and feet.
2. ------------------------------------ : A severe deficiency of this vitamin causes the disease pellagra.
3.------------------------------ : A deficiency of this vitamin is very rare, but those with inadequate intakes can experience numbness, muscle cramps, and difficulty walking.
4. ----------------------: A deficiency of this vitamin can lead to sore tongue, skin inflammation, depression, confusion, or anemia.
5. -------------------------------: Neural tube defects, like spina bifata, can occur if this nutrient is not consumed in adequate amounts during pregnancy.
6. ------------------- : Those who follow a vegan diet without supplementation are at increased risk of deficiency for this vitamin.
7. --------------------------- : Scurvy symptoms, caused by a deficiency of this nutrient, include rough skin rash and wounds that will not heal.
Here are correct matches for the blanks:
1. --------------------------: A deficiency of this vitamin causes beriberi, which is characterized by weakness, swelling, and tingling or numbness in the hands and feet.
e. thiamin
2. ------------------------------------ : A severe deficiency of this vitamin causes the disease pellagra.
c. niacin
3.------------------------------ : A deficiency of this vitamin is very rare, but those with inadequate intakes can experience numbness, muscle cramps, and difficulty walking.
g. pantothenic acid
4. ----------------------: A deficiency of this vitamin can lead to sore tongue, skin inflammation, depression, confusion, or anemia.
a. vitamin B6
5. -------------------------------: Neural tube defects, like spina bifata, can occur if this nutrient is not consumed in adequate amounts during pregnancy.
d. folate
6. ------------------- : Those who follow a vegan diet without supplementation are at increased risk of deficiency for this vitamin.
b. vitamin B12
7. --------------------------- : Scurvy symptoms, caused by a deficiency of this nutrient, include rough skin rash and wounds that will not heal.
f. vitamin C
Hope it helps!
Water-soluble vitamins are excreted when in excess and hence are generally not stored in the body. Deficiencies can lead to specific diseases like beriberi for thiamin, pellagra for niacin, and scurvy for vitamin C. Ensuring a balanced diet is crucial to prevent these deficiencies.
Explanation:Water-soluble vitamins, including vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, niacin, thiamine, folate, and pantothenic acid are essential nutrients absorbed with water and not stored in the body. Matching these vitamins to deficiency symptoms:
thiamin: A deficiency of this vitamin causes beriberi, characterized by weakness, swelling, and tingling or numbness in the hands and feet.niacin: A severe deficiency of this vitamin causes the disease pellagra.pantothenic acid: A deficiency of this vitamin is very rare, but can cause numbness, muscle cramps, and difficulty walking.vitamin B6: A deficiency can lead to a sore tongue, skin inflammation, depression, confusion, or anemia.folate: Inadequate intake during pregnancy can result in neural tube defects like spina bifida.vitamin B12: Vegans without proper supplementation are at risk of deficiency, which may cause various health issues.vitamin C: Scurvy, a deficiency disease of this vitamin, includes symptoms like rough skin rash and non-healing wounds.A student is performing a Gram stain of a mixed culture of both E. coli and S. aureus and he forgets to decolorize with ethanol. What should his slide look like? A. Both are colorless because the ethanol is needed for the cells to absorb the stains B. The E.coli should appear red/pink and the S aureus should appear blue/purple. C. Both the E. coliand the S. aureus should appear blue/purple. D. Both the E. coliand the S. aureus should appear red/pink.
Answer:
Correct option is C.
Explanation:
Gram staining is a technique of separation of the bacteria based on the cell wall composition. Steps involved in gram staining are:
1) Primary stain application which is known as crystal voilet, it stains all cells purple/blue.
2) Mordant stain application which is known as iodine solution, is added, and form crystal iodine complex, all cells continue to stain blue/purple.
3) Decoloration step, in this step, we can differentiate gram negative or gram positive bacteria. So, decolorizing agent such as ethanol or acetone extracts blue color from thin walled peptidoglycan layer gram negative bacteria, and gram positive bacteria remain blue/purple because it contains thick walled peptidoglycan layer.
4) Counterstain application in this step safranin red dye stain the gram negative decolorized cells red/pink, and gram positive bacteria remain same blue.
So, if a student is performing a Gram stain of a mixed culture of both E. coli and S. aureus, and he forgets to decolorize with ethanol Both the bacteria should appear blue/purple color.
Red flowered snapdragons are crossed with white flowered, producing all pink snapdragons in the F1. What would you expect if you crossed red with red?
Select correct answer:
all pink
3/4 red, 1/4 white
all red
1/2 red, 1/2 white
Answer:
well, definitely all red , because in this case there is no white allele for the offsprings from the parents.
Answer:
all red
Explanation:
There is a case of incomplete dominance in the snapdragon since crossing red flower plant with white flower plant results in all pink at F1.
Assuming the allele for flower colour to be R. Red flower will be RR, white will be rr and pink will be Rr.
Hence, if a red flower plant (RR) is crossed with another red flower plant (RR), all the progeny will have RR genotype and will appear red.
The correct option is "all red".
DNA polymerase has multiple mechanisms for editing and error correction, whereas the capacity for error correction in RNA polymerases seems to be quite limited. However, like a DNA mutation, an RNA polymerase error in transcription can cause production of a mutated protein. The limited error correction of RNA polymerase seems to be inconsistent with the potentially serious consequence of producing a protein with an altered amino acid sequence.A) Defective proteins are often degraded quickly, making their effects temporary. B) Single amino acid substitutions caused by errors in mRNA transcription would not affect protein function. C) Unlike DNA mutations, mRNA transcripts have short half-lives and are not inherited across many generations.D) Degradation of defective proteins activates mRNA repair pathways E) RNA polymerases synthesize many transcripts per gene, so only a small fraction of RNA transcripts would have errors. F) ch mRNA molecule is only translated once and then degraded.
Answer: D) Degradation of defective proteins activates mRNA repair pathways
Explanation:
A recent publication (J Phys Condens Matter. 2013. 18;25(37):374104.) provided the information on this matter. According to researcher RNA polymerase have ability to backtrack and translocate the error on both RNA transcript and DNA template. By doing so RNA polymerase cleave the defective part on RNA transcriptome by the process called proofreading. While proofreading contribute in accuracy of transcription but on contrary it also slower the process of transcription.
DNA polymerase possesses robust error correction mechanisms while RNA polymerase's error correction is limited. However, while errors from both can result in defective proteins, the DNA mutation is permanent and inheritable unlike the temporary and non-inheritable effects of RNA polymerase errors.
Explanation:True, DNA polymerase possesses multiple mechanisms for editing and error correction, ensuring the high accuracy of DNA replication. Mistakes can occur, but repair mechanisms often promptly correct these errors. If an error is not corrected, it leads to a mutation which is serious because DNA mutations are permanent and transmitted to successive generations. This is different from RNA polymerase, which has a limited error correction capacity.
Unlike a DNA mutation, if an error in transcription by RNA polymerase occurs, it can lead to the production of a defective protein. However, these defective proteins are often short-lived as the mRNA transcripts have short half-lives and degrade quickly. Additionally, each mRNA molecule is usually translated only once before degradation. Therefore, the effects of RNA polymerase errors are temporary and not inherited across generations, unlike DNA mutations.
Lastly, while both DNA and RNA polymerase mechanisms can lead to the production of defective proteins, the extent and duration of their effects differ significantly because of the inherent differences in DNA and RNA stability and the mechanisms of their polymerases.
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Hormones come in three categories. BLANK circulate in the blood and act at sites distant from their origin; BLANK pass through ducts; and BLANK act on their local tissue environment.
Paracrines
Exocrines
Endocrines
Answer:
ENDOCRINES circulate in the blood and act at sites distant from their origin;
EXOCRINES pass through ducts;
and PARACRINES act on their local tissue environment.
Explanation:
Exocrines are known for producing external secretions that are released through a duct, usually into the digestive system or the skin
Endocrine are known for producing internal secretions called HORMONES that are transported around the body by the bloodstream. They are also called ductless glands.
Paracrines are known for producing hormones that act on his immediate location or producing gland
Which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produce it? (A) salty-metal ions(B) sour-acids (C) umami-triglycerides and fatty acids(D) sweet-organic substances such as sugar and some lead salts(E) bitter-alkaloids
Option (C) umami - triglycerides and fatty acids is the incorrect match. The umami taste is associated with amino acids like glutamate, not triglycerides and fatty acids.
The question asks which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produce it. The taste sensations and their corresponding chemical triggers are as follows:
salty - metal ionssour - acidsumami - triglycerides and fatty acidssweet - organic substances such as sugar and some lead saltsbitter - alkaloidsFrom the provided choices, option (C) umami - triglycerides and fatty acids is incorrectly matched. The umami taste is actually associated with amino acids like glutamate and nucleotides, which are found in high concentrations in foods like meat broths and some cheeses, rather than triglycerides and fatty acids. Recent research suggests there might be a separate taste for fats or lipids, which could be where the confusion arises.
When Gregor Mendel conducted his genetic experiments with pea plants, he observed that a trait’s inheritance pattern was the same regardless of whether the trait was inherited from the maternal or paternal parent. Mendel made these observations by carrying out reciprocal crosses: For example, he first crossed a female plant homozygous for yellow seeds with a male plant homozygous for green seeds, and then crossed a female plant homozygous for green seeds with a male plant homozygous for yellow seeds.
Unlike Mendel, however, Morgan obtained very different results when he carried out reciprocal crosses involving eye color in his fruit flies. The diagram below shows Morgan’s reciprocal cross: He first crossed a homozygous red-eyed female with a white-eyed male, and then crossed a homozygous white-eyed female with a red-eyed male.
The discrepancy between Mendel's and Morgan's results is due to the fact some traits are sex-linked, that is, associated with the sex chromosomes. Mendel's experiments didn't involve sex-linked traits, while Morgan's did. This is why traits inherited from different sex parents produced different results in Morgan's experiments.
Explanation:The observations noted in the question highlight differences between Gregor Mendel and Thomas Hunt Morgan's genetic experiments, involving pea plants and fruit flies, respectively. The discrepancy in results is based on the fact that certain traits (like eye color in Morgan's fruit flies) are sex-linked, meaning they are linked to genes on the sex chromosomes.
Mendel's experiments with pea plants didn't involve sex-linked traits, so results were consistent, whether the traits were inherited from the maternal or paternal parent. However, Morgan's experiment with fruit flies involved a sex-linked trait: eye color. Those traits are found on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, so a trait can be dominant on one and recessive on the other. Males, having only one X and one Y chromosome, will express the trait present on their single X chromosome. Hence the different results in reciprocal crosses.
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Mendel's pea plant experiments showed consistent trait inheritance, while Morgan's fruit fly experiments revealed sex-linked inheritance, leading to different results in reciprocal crosses.
Mendel's observations on pea plants suggested that traits inherited from either parent followed the same patterns.
This was evident through reciprocal crosses, where traits appeared independent of the parent's gender.
However, Morgan's experiments with fruit flies, specifically eye color, revealed a different scenario.
His reciprocal crosses involving red-eyed and white-eyed flies demonstrated sex-linked inheritance, challenging Mendel's generalization.
The difference arose from the presence of sex chromosomes, with the eye color gene located on the X chromosome.
In Mendel's peas, genes were on autosomes, leading to consistent inheritance.
In Morgan's flies, sex linkage introduced complexity. The gender of the parent carrying the trait mattered due to the distinct inheritance of X and Y chromosomes.
This discrepancy highlighted the significance of understanding the nature of genes, their location on chromosomes, and the influence of sex chromosomes on trait inheritance.
Morgan's work contributed to the emerging understanding of sex-linked traits, refining Mendel's principles in light of the complexities associated with sex chromosomes and their impact on inheritance patterns.
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