How can you tell whether one glass of water has more thermal energy than another, identical glass of water

To identify the amount of chloride ions present in 0.1 mol of MgCl2, first know the amount of mols of Chloride. The answer is 0.2 mol since you just need to multiply 0.1 to 2 because there are 2 chloride in the compound. Then, multiply the mols to 6.02x10^23. The answer would be 1.204x10^23 chloride ions. 

Answer : The number of chloride ions present in 0.100 mole of [tex]MgCl_2[/tex] are, [tex]1.2044\times 10^{23}[/tex]

Explanation : Given,

Moles of [tex]MgCl_2[/tex] = 0.100 mole

As we know that, 1 mole contains [tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of ions.

In [tex]MgCl_2[/tex], there are one magnesium ion and two chloride ions.

As, 1 mole [tex]MgCl_2[/tex] contains [tex]2\times (6.022\times 10^{23})[/tex] number of chloride ions.

So, 0.100 mole [tex]MgCl_2[/tex] contains [tex]0.100\times 2\times (6.022\times 10^{23})=1.2044\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of chloride ions.

Therefore, the number of chloride ions present in 0.100 mole of [tex]MgCl_2[/tex] are, [tex]1.2044\times 10^{23}[/tex]

the final temperature of the water is approximately [tex]\(4.009 C\)[/tex].

To find the final temperature of the water after adding the heat produced from burning 8.800 g of [tex]\(C_6H_6\)[/tex] (benzene), we'll use the concept of heat transfer and the specific heat capacity of water.

The heat released from the combustion of [tex]\(C_6H_6\)[/tex] will be transferred to the water, causing its temperature to increase. We'll use the equation:

Q = mcΔT

Where:

- Q is the heat transferred (in Joules)

- m is the mass of the water (in grams)

- c is the specific heat capacity of water (4.18 J/g°C)

- ΔT  is the change in temperature of the water (in °C)

First, we need to calculate the heat released from burning [tex]\(C_6H_6\)[/tex].

Given:

- Mass of [tex]\(C_6H_6\)[/tex] burned, [tex]\(m_{C_6H_6} = 8.800 \, g\)[/tex]

- Heat of combustion of [tex]\(C_6H_6\)[/tex], [tex]\(ΔH_{comb} = -3263 \, kJ/mol\)[/tex]

Using the molar mass of [tex]\(C_6H_6\) (\(M_{C_6H_6} = 78.11 \, g/mol\))[/tex], we can find the number of moles of [tex]\(C_6H_6\)[/tex] burned and then calculate the heat released.

Next, we'll use the equation for heat transfer to find the change in temperature of the water, and then add this change to the initial temperature of the water to get the final temperature.

Let's calculate step by step.

Step 1: Calculate the heat released from burning [tex]\(C_6H_6\)[/tex].

1. Find the number of moles of [tex]\(C_6H_6\)[/tex]:

[tex]\[n_{C_6H_6} = \frac{m_{C_6H_6}}{M_{C_6H_6}} = \frac{8.800 \, g}{78.11 \, g/mol} \approx 0.1128 \, mol\][/tex]

2. Calculate the heat released from burning [tex]\(C_6H_6\)[/tex] using its molar enthalpy of combustion:

[tex]\[Q_{comb} = n_{C_6H_6} \times ΔH_{comb} = 0.1128 \, mol \times (-3263 \, kJ/mol)\][/tex]

[tex]\[Q_{comb} = -368.112 \, kJ\][/tex]

Step 2: Calculate the change in temperature of the water.

1. Use the equation for heat transfer:

[tex]\[Q_{water} = mcΔT\][/tex]

Where [tex]\(Q_{water}\)[/tex] is the heat absorbed by water, \(m\) is the mass of water, c is the specific heat capacity of water, and \(ΔT\) is the change in temperature of water.

2. Rearrange the equation to solve for [tex]\(ΔT\)[/tex]:

[tex]\[ΔT = \frac{Q_{comb}}{mc}\][/tex]

Given:

- [tex]\(m_{water} = 5691 \, g\)[/tex]

- [tex]\(c_{water} = 4.18 \, J/g°C\)[/tex]

3. Substitute the values and calculate \(ΔT\):

[tex]\[ΔT = \frac{-368.112 \times 10^3 \, J}{(5691 \, g) \times (4.18 \, J/g°C)}\][/tex]

[tex]\[ΔT \approx -16.991°C\][/tex]

Step 3: Find the final temperature of the water.

Given:

- Initial temperature of water, [tex]\(T_{initial} = 21°C\)[/tex]

The final temperature [tex](\(T_{final}\))[/tex] of the water can be found by adding the change in temperature [tex](\(ΔT\))[/tex] to the initial temperature [tex](\(T_{initial}\))[/tex]:

[tex]\[T_{final} = T_{initial} + ΔT\][/tex]

[tex]\[T_{final} = 21°C - 16.991°C\][/tex]

[tex]\[T_{final} \approx 4.009°C\][/tex]

Therefore, the final temperature of the water is approximately [tex]\(4.009 C\)[/tex].

No, I believe this is not an example of a chemical reaction. What we actually see here is a physical change of the solution. Since we are adding more water to an aqueous solution which is also made up mostly of water, what we are simply basically doing is dilution. Since the solution is being diluted, so definitely the color turned lighter.

5.862 moles of O₂

Given:

Combustion of 54.7 g of C₂H₄ to form CO₂ and H₂O.

Question:

How many moles of O₂ are required for the complete reaction of combustion of C₂H₄?

The Process:

Let us convert mass to mole for C₂H₄.

[tex]\boxed{ \ n = \frac{mass}{Mr} \ } \rightarrow \boxed{ \ n = \frac{54.7}{28} = 1.954 \ moles \ }[/tex]

The combustion reaction of  C₂H₄ (ethylene, also named ethene) can be expressed as follows:

[tex]\boxed{ \ C_2H_4 + 3O_2 \rightarrow 2CO_2 + 2H_2O \ }[/tex] (the reaction is balanced)

According to chemical equation above, proportion between C₂H₄ and O₂ is 1 to 3. Therefore, we can count the number of moles of O₂.

[tex]\boxed{ \ \frac{n(O_2)}{n(C_2H_4)} = \frac{3}{1} \ }[/tex]

[tex]\boxed{ \ n(O_2) = \frac{3}{1} \times n(C_2H_4) \ }[/tex]

[tex]\boxed{ \ n(O_2) = \frac{3}{1} \times 1.954 \ moles \ }[/tex]

Thus, the number of moles of O are required for the complete reaction of the combustion of C₂H₄ is 5.862 moles.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Notes:

If we want to calculate the mass of O₂, then we use the number of moles of O₂ that have been obtained.

Final answer:

Violet light has a shorter wavelength and higher photon energy compared to red light, with violet having the shortest wavelengths and red the longest within the visible spectrum.

Explanation:

Considering light at the two ends of the visible light spectrum, violet light has a shorter wavelength and a higher photon energy than red light. In the visible light spectrum, violet light has the shortest wavelengths (approximately 400 nm) and thus carries the most energy. Conversely, red light has the longest wavelengths (approximately 700 nm) and carries the least amount of energy.

Sunlight, for example, which is blackbody radiation, peaks in the visible spectrum and has more intensity in the red than in the violet, giving the sun a yellowish appearance. The high energy of violet photons is why dyes that absorb violet light fade more quickly, and when you observe faded posters, the blues and violets are the last to fade.

The number of moles of P2O5 produced from the given amounts of phosphorus and oxygen is equal to the number of moles of phosphorus or oxygen used.

To determine the number of moles of P2O5 produced from the given amounts of phosphorus and oxygen, you need to compare the amounts of each reactant used in Part A and Part B. Based on the given information, it is stated that in Part A, 1.80 mol of P2O5 is formed from a given amount of phosphorus and excess oxygen. In Part B, 1.40 mol of P2O5 is formed from a given amount of oxygen and excess phosphorus. Since the stoichiometry of the reaction is a 1:1 ratio between P2O5 and phosphorus, we can conclude that 1.80 mol of phosphorus is required to produce 1.80 mol of P2O5. Similarly, 1.40 mol of oxygen is required to produce 1.40 mol of P2O5. Therefore, the number of moles of P2O5 produced from the given amounts of phosphorus and oxygen is equal to the number of moles of phosphorus or oxygen used, which is 1.80 mol and 1.40 mol respectively.

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The number of Li atoms in 5.1 moles of Li is 3.07 x 10²⁴ atoms.

Atoms are defined as the smallest piece of matter that can be separated without sending electrically charged particles flying.

It can also be defined as the smallest piece that carries an element's characteristics. Subatomic particles, which make up an atom, are uncreatable.

There are various types of atoms.

In a chemical reaction, atoms cannot be formed or destroyed since they are indivisible units. The mass and chemical characteristics of each atom of a specific element are the same. Different elements' atoms have varying weight and chemical characteristics. Compounds are created when atoms combine in ratios of small whole numbers.

Moles of Li = 5.1 x 6.022 x 10²³

                   = 3.07 x 10²⁴ atoms.

Thus, the number of Li atoms in 5.1 moles of Li is 3.07 x 10²⁴ atoms.

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Answer:

[tex]7.6LNOBr[/tex]

Explanation:

Hello,

In this case, since no temperature and pressure are known, one could develop the stoichiometric relationship for 1 mole of [tex]Br_2[/tex] per 2 moles of [tex]NOBr[/tex] in terms of volume as shown below because of the Avogadro's law (change in mole proportional to the change in volume at constant both pressure and temperature):

[tex]3.8LBr_2*\frac{2LNOBr}{1LBr_2} =7.6LNOBr[/tex]

Best regards.

Answer:The pH of the water is 7.

Explanation;

The pH of the solution is defined as negative logarithm of [tex]H^+[/tex] or hydronium ions ions in the solution.

[tex]pH=-\log[H^+][/tex]

So, [tex]H^+[/tex] concentration of water = [tex]1.0\times 10^{-7} m[/tex]

[tex]pH=-\log[1.0\times 10^{-7}]=7[/tex]

The pH of the water is 7.

Actually, a methylene group is simply any compound which contains a C=C double bond group and the rest are single bonded carbon groups. Some example of the isomers of C6H12 which contains methylene group is:

1-hexene

2,3-dimethyl-2-butene

2,3-dimethyl-1-butene

2-methyl-2-pentene

trans-2-hexene

4-methyl-1-pentene

cis-2-hexene

trans-3-hexene

2-ethyl-1-butene

2-methyl-1-pentene

3,3-dimethyl-1-butene

4-methyl-cis-2-pentene

cis-3-methyl-2-pentene

trans-3-methyl-2-pentene

Concentration of caffeine is 430 mg/L = 0.43g/L 
The molar mass of caffeine is 194.19 g/mol 

Therefore the molarity is:

Molarity = (0.43/194.19) mol/L 
Molarity = 0.002214 mol/L 
Molarity = 0.002214 M 

Given pKb = 10.4:

Kb = 10^-pKb = 10^ -10.4 = 3.981 x 10^ -11 

Kb is equivalent to:
Kb = [caffeine H+][OH-] / [caffeine] 
3.981 x 10^ -11 = [caffeine H+][OH-] / (0.002214) 
[caffeineH+][OH-] = 8.815 x 10^ -14 

But since:
[caffeineH+] = [OH-] 

Hence,

[OH-]^2 = 8.815 x 10^ -14 
[OH-] = 2.969 x 10^ -7 

The formula for pH is:

pH = 14 + log [OH-]

The pH of a solution containing a caffeine concentration of 430 mg/L is 4.75.

To calculate the pH of a caffeine solution, we can first use the provided pKb (10.4) to find the Kb, using the equation Kb = 10^(-pKb). We can then use the Kb to find the concentration of OH-, represented by the equilibrium C8H10N4O₂ (aq) + H₂O(1) ⇒ C8H10N4O₂H+ (aq) + OH¯ (aq). By inserting the equilibrium concentrations into the Kb expression and solving, we can find the OH- concentration.

The pH of a solution containing a caffeine concentration of 430 mg/L can be calculated using the equilibrium constant expression for caffeine. The equilibrium equation is: C8H10N4O2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ C8H10N4O2H+(aq) + OH-(aq). By substituting the given concentrations into the expression, the pH can be determined. The equation gives a pH of 4.75 for the solution.

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According to the forces of attraction, the carboxylic acid with  lowest boiling point is methanoic acid.

Forces of attraction is a force by which atoms in a molecule  combine. it is basically an attractive force in nature.  It can act between an ion  and an atom as well.It varies for different  states  of matter that is solids, liquids and gases.

The forces of attraction are maximum in solids as  the molecules present in solid are tightly held while it is minimum in gases  as the molecules are far apart . The forces of attraction in liquids is intermediate of solids and gases.

The physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, density  are all dependent on forces of attraction which exists in the substances.

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Final answer:

On Mars, the acceleration due to gravity is about one-third of that on Earth, which means an object weighs significantly less on Mars compared to its weight on Earth.

Explanation:

The question pertains to the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Mars compared to Earth. On Mars, the acceleration due to gravity is about one-third of that on Earth. Specifically, the gravitational acceleration on Mars is approximately 3.71 m/s², while on Earth, it is about 9.81 m/s². Thus, an object on Mars weighs significantly less than it does on Earth. For example, if a space probe weighs 100 pounds on Earth, on Mars, it would weigh roughly 38 pounds because the acceleration due to gravity on Mars is 0.38 that of Earth's gravity. This difference significantly impacts how objects move and respond to forces on Mars compared to Earth.

The [tex]{{\text{H}}^+}[/tex] concentration of vinegar solution is [tex]\boxed{{\text{0}}{\text{.0000708 M}}}[/tex]

Further Explanation:

An acid is a substance that has the ability to donate [tex]{{\mathbf{H}}^{\mathbf{+}}}[/tex]ions or can accept electrons from the electron-rich species. The general dissociation reaction of acid is as follows:

[tex]{\text{HA}}\to{{\text{H}}^+}+{{\text{A}}^-}[/tex]

Here, HA is an acid.

The acidic strength of an acid can be determined by pH value. The negative logarithm of hydronium ion concentration is defined as pH of the solution. Lower the pH value of an acid, the stronger will be the acid. Acidic solutions are likely to have pH less than 7. Basic or alkaline solutions have pH more than 7. Neutral solutions have pH equal to 7.

Vinegar contains acetic acid [tex]\left({{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}}}\right)[/tex], water and some traces of other chemicals and flavors.

The formula to calculate pH is as follows:

[tex]{\text{pH}}=-{\text{log}}\left[{{{\text{H}}^+}}\right][/tex]                                   …… (1)

Here,

[tex]\left[{{{\text{H}}^+}}\right][/tex] is hydrogen ion concentration.

On rearranging equation (1), we get:

[tex]\left[{{{\text{H}}^+}}\right]={10^{-{\text{pH}}}}[/tex]                                           …… (2)

The pH of vinegar is 4.15.

Substitute 4.15 for pH in equation (2)

[tex]\begin{gathered}\left[{{{\text{H}}^+}}\right]={10^{-4.15}}\\=0.0000707946\\\approx0.0000708\;{\text{M}}\\\end{gathered}[/tex]

So the concentration of [tex]{{\mathbf{H}}^{\mathbf{+}}}[/tex] ion in vinegar is 0.0000708 M.

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Answer details:

Grade: High School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Acid, base and salts.

Keywords: pH, neutral, acidic, basic, alkaline, 4.15, vinegar, acetic acid, water, chemicals, negative logarithm, H+, 0.0000708 M, pH more than 7, pH less than 7, pH equal to 7.

The final temperature at thermal equilibrium can be calculated using the concept of conservation of energy and the specific heat capacities of gold and water.

To find the final temperature of the gold and water system when they reach thermal equilibrium, we need to apply the concept of conservation of energy. This concept suggests that in an isolated system, the heat lost by the hot object (the gold) will be equal to the heat gained by the cold object (the water). Since the system is at equilibrium, the heat lost is equal to the heat gained, hence the formula: Cgold × mgold × (Tinitial, gold - Tfinal) = -Cwater × mwater × (Tfinal - Tinitial, water), where Cgold and Cwater are the specific heat capacities of gold and water, T is the temperature and m is the mass.

We also need to know the specific heat capacities of gold and water. The specific heat capacity of gold is 0.129 J/g °C and for water, it's 4.18 J/g °C. Substituting those values along with the original temperatures and masses, we can solve for the final temperature, Tfinal.

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The statement "each carbon-oxygen bond is somewhere between a single and double bond" and "the actual structure of formate is an average of the two resonance forms" are correct. The resonance structures represent an average distribution of electrons across all valid structures, not constant flipping between these structures.

In regards to the resonance structures of formate, the statements "each carbon–oxygen bond is somewhere between a single and double bond" and "the actual structure of formate is an average of the two resonance forms" are both true.

Resonance describes the situation where more than one valid Lewis structure can be drawn for a particular molecule. The resonance structure is not a rapid equilibrium between the structures but rather an average of the different possible structures, called resonance forms.

In the case of formate, which has two resonance forms, the molecule doesn't constantly flip between these two structures. Instead, the electrons are distributed in a way that is an average of these two resonance forms. This is why each carbon-oxygen bond in formate is described as being somewhere between a single and a double bond, as the characteristics of the bond are shared across both resonance forms.

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The empirical formula of the hydrocarbon is [tex]\boxed{{{\text{C}}_7}{{\text{H}}_5}}[/tex].

Further explanation:

Empirical formula:

It is atom’s simplest positive integer ratio in the compound. It may or may not be same as that of molecular formula. For example, empirical formula of sulfur dioxide is SO.

Combustion reactions:

These are the reactions that take place when hydrocarbons are burnt in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. These are also referred to as burning.  

Example of combustion reactions are as follows:

(a) [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_4}+{{\text{O}}_2}\to{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}+{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}[/tex]

(b) [tex]{{\text{C}}_{10}}{{\text{H}}_{14}}+12{{\text{O}}_2}\to10{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}+ 4{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}[/tex]

[tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}[/tex] is formed as a product during combustion reactions.

Step 1: [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}[/tex] is formed as a product during combustion reactions. Initially, we have to calculate the moles of [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}[/tex] . The formula to calculate moles of [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}[/tex] is as follows:

[tex]{\text{Moles of C}}{{\text{O}}_2}=\dfrac{{{\text{Given mass of C}}{{\text{O}}_2}}}{{{\text{Molar mass of C}}{{\text{O}}_2}}}[/tex]          ...... (1)

The given mass of [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}[/tex] is 86.5 g.

The molar mass of [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}[/tex] is 44 g/mol.

Substitute these values in equation (1).

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Moles of C}}{{\text{O}}_2}&=\left( {{\text{86}}{\text{.5 g}}} \right)\left( {\frac{{{\text{1 mol}}}}{{{\text{44 g}}}}} \right)\\&={\text{1}}{\text{.9659 mol}}\\ &\approx{\text{1}}{\text{.966 mol}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

Step 2: During combustion, one mole of carbon reacts to form one mole of  [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}[/tex] .So the mass of C in the hydrocarbon is calculated as follows:

[tex]{\text{Mass of C}}=\left( {{\text{Moles of C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}\right)\left( {\dfrac{{{\text{Moles of C}}}}{{{\text{Moles of C}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}}}\right)\left( {{\text{Molar mass of C}}}\right)[/tex]      ...... (2)

The moles of [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}[/tex] is 1.966 mol.

The molar mass of C is 12 g/mol.

The mole of C is 1 mol.

The moles of [tex]{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}[/tex] is 1 mol.

Substitute these values in equation (2).

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Mass of C}}&=\left( {{\text{1}}{\text{.966 mol}}} \right)\left( {\frac{{{\text{1 mol of C}}}}{{{\text{1 mol of C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}}} \right)\left( {\frac{{{\text{12 g}}}}{{{\text{1 mol}}}}} \right)\\&= {\text{23}}{\text{.592 g}}\\&\approx{\text{23}}{\text{.59 g}}\\\end{aligned}\\[/tex]

Step 3: Since the hydrocarbon consists of only carbon and hydrogen. The mass of hydrogen is calculated as follows:

[tex]{\text{Mass of H}}={\text{Mass of hydrocarbon}}-{\text{Mass of C}}[/tex]      ...... (3)

The mass of hydrocarbon is 25 g.

The mass of carbon is 23.59 g.

Substitute these values in equation (3).

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Mass of H}}&={\text{25 g}}-{\text{23}}{\text{.59 g}}\\&= {\text{1}}{\text{.41 g}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

The formula to calculate moles of H is as follows:[tex]{\text{Moles of H}}=\dfrac{{{\text{Given mass of H}}}}{{{\text{Molar mass of H}}}}[/tex]      ...... (4)

The given mass of H is 1.41 g.

The molar mass of H is 1.01 g/mol.

Substitute these values in equation (4).

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Moles of H}}&=\left({{\text{1}}{\text{.41 g}}}\right)\left( {\frac{{{\text{1 mol}}}}{{{\text{1}}{\text{.01 g}}}}}\right)\\&={\text{1}}{\text{.396 mol}}\\ \end{aligned}[/tex]

The moles of carbon and hydrogen present in hydrocarbon are to be written with their corresponding subscripts. So the preliminary formula becomes,

[tex]{\text{Preliminary formula of hydrocarbon}}={{\text{C}}_{1.966}}{{\text{H}}_{1.396}}[/tex]

Step 4: Each of the subscripts is divided by the smallest subscript to get the empirical formula. In this case, the smallest one is 1.39. So the empirical formula of hydrocarbon is written as follows:

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Empirical formula of hydrocarbon}}&={{\text{C}}_{\dfrac{{1.966}}{{1.396}}}}{{\text{H}}_{\dfrac{{1.396}}{{1.396}}}}\\&= {{\text{C}}_{1.408}}{{\text{H}}_1}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

Step 5: Multiply each subscript of the empirical formula by 5, we get the final empirical formula as follows:

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Empirical formula of hydrocarbon}}&={{\text{C}}_{5\left( {1.408} \right)}}{{\text{H}}_{5\left( 1 \right)}}\\&={{\text{C}}_7}{{\text{H}}_5}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

Therefore, the empirical formula of hydrocarbon is [tex]{{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{7}}}{{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{5}}}[/tex] .

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Stoichiometry of formulas and equations

Keywords: empirical formula, C, H, C7H5, moles of CO2, C, H, 5, preliminary formula, whole number.

Answer: The correct answer is Tyndall effect.

Explanation:

Colloids are defined as the mixtures where the size of the particle is within the range of 2nm to 1000 nm. In these mixtures, physical boundary is seen between the dispersed phase and dispersed medium.

Tyndall effect is defined as the effect in which scattering of light takes place by the particles present in a colloid or in very fine suspension.

For Example: Scattering of sunlight by clouds

Thus, the correct answer is Tyndall effect.

The scattering of light by a colloidal suspension is known as the Tyndall effect.

When a beam of light passes through a colloidal solution or a suspension, the suspended particles disperse and scatter the light.

This scattering is more pronounced when the suspended particles are larger in size compared to the wavelength of the light. The scattered light becomes visible, creating a cone or beam of light that is observable in the direction of the incident light. The Tyndall effect is often used to study and characterize colloidal systems, as it provides valuable information about particle size, concentration, and overall dispersion.

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