Answer:
Each cell can receive and respond to signals that they get from their surroundings. The three stages involved in transduction are reception, transduction, and response.
Reception: It involves receptor molecules and inducers. Receptors can be intracellular or extracellular. Receptors like G- protein-coupled receptor, receptor tyrosine kinase, and signaling molecules are the items that come under reception.
Transduction: In transduction, signals are transferred from outside of the cell to the inside of the cell. Secondary messengers are majorly involved in signal transduction like cAMP, cGMP, IP3, Ca2+, nitric oxide, etc.
Response: The response of cell signaling includes processes like protein synthesis, cell division, cell growth, etc.
If a white dwarf in a binary star pair is accreting mass and it exceeds the 1.4MSun limit, it will:
Turn into a Neutron Star
Turn into a Black Hole
Turn into a Main Sequence star.
Explode
When a white dwarf in a binary star pair accretes mass and exceeds the 1.4Msun limit, it will explode in a Type Ia supernova.
Explanation:If a white dwarf in a binary star system is accreting mass from its companion and exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit of approximately 1.4 solar masses (Msun), it cannot support itself against gravitational collapse. The core temperature rises as it contracts, leading to a runaway nuclear fusion reaction, particularly of carbon. This process results in a violent explosion known as a Type Ia supernova, during which the white dwarf is completely destroyed, ejecting matter into space at high speeds and leaving no trace of the white dwarf behind.
"In which type of disorder do feelings of apprehension or tension occur without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning?"
Answer:
B) you dont
Explanation:
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is the type of disorder in which feelings of apprehension or tension occur without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning.
Explanation:The disorder in which feelings of apprehension or tension occur without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning is called Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
GAD is a mental health disorder characterized by excessive and persistent worry about various aspects of life, even when there is no apparent reason to be anxious. Symptoms of GAD may include restlessness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
For example, a person with GAD may frequently feel anxious about upcoming events or situations and experience physical symptoms such as a racing heart, shortness of breath, or a knot in their stomach, making it difficult for them to carry out their daily activities.
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Adjacent plant cells have narrow channels called plasmodesmata that pass through the cell walls of the connected cells and allow a cytoplasmic connection between the cells.
Which of the following statements best describes a primary function of plasmodesmata?
1. They allow the movement of molecules from one cell to another, enabling communication between cells.
2. They prevent the cell membrane from pulling away from the cell wall during periods of drought.
3. They eliminate the need to produce signaling molecules and eliminate the need for cells to have receptors for signaling molecules.
4. They increase the surface area available for attachment of ribosomes and thus increase protein synthesis.
Answer:1. They allow the movement of molecules from one cell to another, enabling communication between cells.
Explanation:the cell wall is a rigid and cellulose containing wall, which surrounds the plasma membrane.
During lignification, small pores appear on the cell wall through which cytoplasmic strands extend.these pores are the plasmodesmata,which provides connections between plant cells
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Plant cells are encompassed in cell walls that form the plant skeletal structure. However, the presence of abundant extracellular cell wall material means that plant cells physically do not touch. To enable intercellular communication, plants have evolved cytoplasmic bridges, called plasmodesmata (Sing- Plasmodesma) that links the fluid cytoplasm between adjacent cells. The plasma membrane of one plant cell is continuous with that of its neighbour at each plasmodesma.
A Plasmodesma (Plural- Plasmodesmata) is a narrow channel through the plant cell wall that acts as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges to bring about communication and transport of materials between plant cells. Plasmodesmata form an important route for communication between plant cells, allowing molecules to pass directly from cell to cell.
The plasmodesmata separate the outer cell membranes of the plant cells. The actual air space separating the cells is called the desmotubule.
Jorge made a model of a cell in a clear plastic zipper bag. He used a plum for the nucleus and kidney beans for mitochondria. Why is this model helpful for learning about cells? A. It is made of the same materials as a real cell. B. It can function like a real cell. C. It contains all the same parts as a real cell. D. It is larger than a real cell.
The model of the cell prepared here is much bigger than the real cell which is microscopic. So its helpful for studying the structures of the real cell.
Option D.
Explanation:The cell is defined to be the structural and functional unit of an organism. The cell contains different organelles that remain covered in one place i.e demarcated by cell membrane. Inside it there are different organelles like nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, golgi bodies, lysozome etc. The sizes of these organelles are different. All these organelles are microscopic which makes the visualization of these organelles difficult. So making a model with comparative sizes and structures makes the studying easy for them. Thus this model is very helpful.
Answer:
d
Explanation:
It is larger than a real cell.
What term refers to an abnormal condition of all or part of the body that makes the body incapable of carrying on normal function?
Answer:disease
Explanation:disease is a deviation of the normal function of the body.
This is evident to due abnormal physiological functioning of the body thereby causing symptoms of the disease.the organs system,organs, tissues and cells can no longer carry out their activities in the body.
A disease can be caused by microorganisms such as bacteria or virus.disease which are contagious can also be contacted from a sick person.
Medical robots are built with ____ capabilities to perform sophisticated surgeries.
Answer: High precision capabilities
Explanation:
Minimaturized tools and high definition three- dimensional cameras are inserted under the skin through an incisions,or without.
The Sugeon synchronize these with the robot outside and manipulate them from a nearby console.
explain how the carrying capacity affects the number of predators in an area biology regents?
Answer:
Carrying capacity of an ecosystem defines that for a limited supply of food or organism consumed by predators, only a limited number of predators can survive.
Explanation:
The carrying capacity of any ecosystem determines the number of species including the predators that can thrive in this ecosystem thereby availing an adequate supply of food and other essential resources.
Therefore, the carrying capacity limits the population of predators in a given ecosystem. This is because for a limited supply of food or organism consumed by predators, only a limited number of predators can survive. If the population of predators becomes very large and in lieu to that not enough resources are available then the population of both the predator and its prey will decrease.
The ara operon is an inducible operon that controls the production of the sugar arabinose. When arabinose is present in a bacterium it binds to the protein AraC, and the complex binds to the initiator site to promote transcription. In this scenario, AraC is a(n)
Answer:
When AraC binds to arabinose to initiate the process of transcription, then AraC is acting as an Activator.
Explanation:
Transcription is a process that help to produce messenger RNA from the DNA that is present in the nuceloids of bacteria cells. The production of these mRNA however, depends on the intracellular condition of the bacteria, for example, if there is a need for the protein coded for by the segment or not. In the case of this bacterium, the AraC can act as a repressor only when there is no arabinose sugar in the cell. In the scenario above, AraC will act as an activator because of the presence of the sugar arabinose.
Answer:
Activator
Explanation:
The ability of a muscle group to perform repeated contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscular fatigue or to maintain a specific percentage of maximum voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time is called what?
Answer:
Muscle endurance
Explanation:
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or collections of muscles to satiate or endure repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time. It is one of the components of muscular contractions, muscular fitness, along with muscular strength and power.
During exercise or training fitness , muscular endurance implies to the number of repetitions of a single exercise you can underg without needing to stop and rest.
"What is a microorganism [a microbe] that is innocuous [not harmful] to man or to a given animal species? It is a living being which does not possess the capacity to multiply in our body or in the body of the animal. But nothing proves that if the same microorganism should chance to come into contact with some other of the thousands of animal species in the Creation, it might invade it and render it sick. Its virulence might increase by repeated passages through that species, and might eventually affect man or domesticated animals." —Louis Pasteur
What is a reasonable inference to draw from this quote by Louis Pasteur?
Answer:
Bacteria can change and mutate with time and can become virulent from avirulent species.
Explanation:
If a bacteria is considered harmless or avirulent, then the bacteria will not necessarily affect the animal species.
But when the species come into contact with other sick species caused by the microbe will make the bacteria virulent. This shows that bacteria can change with time, depending on the environment it is living in.
A microorganism can mutate or change with time and can become virulent.
Thus we can draw this conclusion, bacteria can change and mutate with time and can become virulent from avirulent species.
The Susquehanna River, which runs through the states of New York, Pennsylvania, an Maryland , received the title- America's most Endangered River in a 2005. One of the rivers problem's results from the large number of sewage overflow sites that are found along the course of the river. These sewage overflow sites are a direct result of an increase in human population. What effect do you predict this will have on the biodiversity on the river ecosystem?
Final answer:
Increased sewage overflow along the Susquehanna River due to human population growth is expected to negatively impact the river's biodiversity, creating dead zones and disrupting the ecosystem similar to the decline witnessed in the Chesapeake Bay and other altered U.S. river systems. Damming and habitat modification have been shown to reduce fish and amphibian populations by altering natural flow and habitat access.
Explanation:
The Susquehanna River, titled America's most Endangered River in 2005, has been impacted by sewage overflow sites resulting from increased human population. This situation is likely to have significant negative effects on the river's biodiversity. Increased sewage can lead to nutrient overload in the water, which may result in algal blooms that deplete oxygen levels, creating dead zones that are not suitable for many aquatic organisms. Additionally, the introduction of pathogens and chemicals from sewage can directly harm wildlife and disrupt the river ecosystem. Comparatively, the decline of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem, largely due to nutrient runoff, is a case study of the complex issues arising from human activities affecting aquatic ecosystems. The decline of fish species due to habitat loss and modifications, such as damming, overwhelmingly impacts biodiversity, as it interferes with the flow regimes and access to the river, which many species are adapted to. Amphibians, which rely on both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, are at a greater risk due to loss of habitat or access between habitats.
In an embryonic vertebrate, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a thickened area at the tip of the bud. The cells of the AER secrete protein signals that promote limb-bud outgrowth, and removing the AER blocks growth of the limb along the proximal–distal axis. How would the forelimb of an embryo develop if the AER was removed early or late in limb development?
Answer:
Explanation:
The Removal of the AER results in the cessation of limb bud out-growth and a truncated proximal–distal (PD) axis
The earlier the AER is removed, the more truncated the resulting limb is, with only the very proximal structures (humerus) forming
The later the AER is removed, the less truncated the resulting limb is, with the more distal structures forming (humerus and radius/ulna)
Which is a process
Called Zone model
Which of the following choices lists the ways that you can show intellectual honesty in scientific communication.
a) Do not let your personal beliefs interfere with the truth; do not omit facts even if they contradict your hypothesis or your goals; avoid bias; do not make up data; do not plagiarize; give credit to others if you cite their work.
b) Use your personal beliefs to draw your conclusions; make up data to fit the desired results; omit data when necessary; only give credit to others sometimes.
c) Only experiments that fit your original hypothesis should be communicated; cite some of the work you used; data can be left out if needed to fit the hypothesis.
d) It is not important to show intellectual honesty in scientific communication.
Answer:
The correct option is A) Do not let your personal beliefs interfere with the truth; do not omit facts even if they contradict your hypothesis or your goals; avoid bias; do not make up data; do not plagiarize; give credit to others if you cite their work.
Explanation:
Ethics and scientific research go hand in hand. If intellectual honesty and ethics are not maintained during scientific research, then this field could raise many ethical concerns.
Modifications in results are strictly against ethics during scientific research. A scientist should never try to manipulate the results so that it supports their hypothesis. Cheating or stealing other peoples work is also not acceptable in the scientific world. A scientist should always be modest.
Foreign proteins that gain access to the body through cuts and scrapes, through the digestive or circulatory systems, or through the urinary and reproductive systems are called ____.
1. mineralocorticoids
2. immunoglobulins
3. antigens
4. antibodies
Answer: option 3) antigens
Explanation:
An Antigen is any FOREIGN substance that can enters the body stimulating an immune response. It includes toxins, proteins etc, and can get into the body through ANY openings.
Therefore, antigen is the right answer
Foreign proteins that enter the body through various ways are called antigens. They trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies.
Explanation:Foreign proteins that gain access to the body through cuts and scrapes, through the digestive or circulatory systems, or through the urinary and reproductive systems are called antigens. An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response, especially the production of antibodies. Mineralocorticoids refer to a class of hormones that maintain salt and water balance and regulate blood pressure. Immunoglobulins are another name for antibodies, proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize harmful foreign substances like antigens. On the other hand, antibodies are proteins produced by B cells as a defense against antigens.
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What is the function of bile and where does it enter the digestive tract
Answer: emulsification of fats to tiny globules for easy digestion and absorbtion in the villii.
It excretes bilirubin.
It neutralizes acidic Chyme.
It enters at the duodenum to act on Chyle.
Explanation:
In specialized transduction the bacterial genes transduced tend to be: Select one: a. those genes in greatest use by the bacteria b. those genes that are small enough to fit in the viral head c. those genes that are located close to the site of the pophage insertion d. those genes that are currently not being transcribed
Answer:
c. those genes that are located close to the site of the pophage insertion
Explanation:
In Specialized transduction, a restricted group of bacterial genes is passed to a different bacterium. Here, the prophage excises falsely from the chromosome such that the bacterial genes which are close to the site of the prophage insertion take part in the excised DNA.
A high-fiber diet might help decrease blood cholesterol levels by preventing ketosis. keeping stools soft. trapping cholesterol in pockets in the large intestine. causing fiber to bind with cholesterol to be excreted.
A high-fiber diet might help decrease blood cholesterol levels by
a) preventing ketosis
b) keeping stools soft
c)trapping cholesterol in pockets in the large intestine
d)Causing fiber to bind with bile and more cholesterol to be excreted
Answer:
Causing fiber to bind with bile and more cholesterol to be excreted
Explanation:
High fiber diet include whole grain cereals, fruits, vegetables, nuts and potatoes etc., when consumed,they bind with cholesterol to aid degeneration in order for excretion to occur. They aid digestion and increase bowel movement, helps the body to lose weight, stay full longer, and improve health.
What kind of policies should be put in place in order to help decrease our negative impact on the environment?
Answer:
The kind of policies should be put in place in order to help decrease our negative impact on the environment are, tax, Subsidy, pollution permits, regulation, changing consumer behavior.
Explanation:
The government should enact policies like putting carbon tax, which will make people pay for the social cost for the pollution. Subsidy for the use of alternative source of energy, this will reduce the pollution and on other hand will also attract more people towards it. Pollution permit i.e. carbon trading scheme in which firms were given right to pollute up to certain limit, these types of permits were traded with the other firms. Proper regulations for amount of pollutants which can release in to the surrounding. Changing the behavior of the consumer is very important as well, this can be achieved by several advertisement and nudges.
If the e and f genes are expressed, the Xi chromosome will be prevented from reaching 100% frequency if selection pressures cause which of the following to be true?
Answer:
The options
A. XsXs flies have the lowest fitness of any genotype.
B. XsXs flies have the highest fitness of any genotype.
C. XiY flies and XsY flies have equal fitness.
D. XiXs flies and XsXs flies have equal fitness
The CORRECT ANSWER IS
a. XsXs flies have the highest fitness of any genotype.
Explanation:
From the text:
Xi will have a frequency of 100% as far as the Xi bearing genotype is not picked. Options C and D are wrong since not being picked is equal to same fitness level.
The amount of Xs in relation to Xi population will increase as long as XsXs genotype as the largest fitness and there is difference in fitness between the other genotypes
Second-generation H1 antagonists cause less CNS depression because they are selective for peripheral H1 receptors and because of which other property?
Answer:
THEIR INABILITY TO CROSS THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER AT THERAPEUTIC LEVELS.
Explanation:
Second-generation antihistamines (e.g., loratadine, terfenadine) lack the ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier at certain therapeutic levels.
Thirty-six colonies grew in nutrient agar from 0.1 ml of undiluted sample in a standard plate count. How many viable and culturable cells were in the original sample?
Final answer:
To calculate the concentration of viable and culturable cells in the original sample, divide the number of colonies by the volume of the sample plated. In this case, with thirty-six colonies from 0.1 ml, the concentration is 360 CFU/mL.
Explanation:
The question given by the student involves calculating the concentration of viable and culturable cells in an original sample using the standard plate count technique in microbiology. When the student mentioned that thirty-six colonies grew from a 0.1 ml undiluted sample, the concentration of cells can be calculated using the formula:
(of colonies counted on the petri plate) ÷ (amount of diluted sample added to the petri plate in mL) = CFU in diluted sample (cells/mL)
So, for the given question, the calculation would be:
36 colonies / 0.1 mL = 360 colonies per mL (CFU/mL)
Therefore, the concentration of viable and culturable cells in the original undiluted sample is 360 CFU per mL.
Jessie and Joe are both carriers of the sickle cell trait which causes sickle cell disease when present in the recessive form. What is the likelihood that they will have 2 children, both of whom have the disorder?
Answer: 50% 50% Each.
Explanation:
Since both of the parents are recessive the gene will surely affect one but it's a chance of who.
Cilia and flagella are projections extending ____________ the cell. Projections extending from the cell that are usually found in cells in the respiratory passageways are ____________ . Projections extending from the cell that usually appear alone and help propel an entire cell are ____________ . The only example of a cell with a flagellum is ____________ .
Answer:
Cilia and flagella are projections extending from the cell.
Projections extending from the cell that are usually found in cells in the respiratory passageways are cilia .
Projections extending from the cell that usually appear alone and help propel an entire cell are flagella.
The only example of a cell with a flagellum is sperm/bacteria cell.
Explanation:
Cilia are organelles which are present in eukaryotic organisms which protrude outwards from the cell. They are of two types- Motile and Non Motile. The non motile cilia cannot move and have a role in sensory function. The cilia are present outside the respiratory tract and help flush microbes and debris out of the passage way.
Flagellum or flagella help in the locomotion many bacteria and eukaryotes. These are filamentous protein structures which come out of the cell body. Few examples of organisms having flagella is bacteria and in eukaryotes it is the sperm cell.
Answer:
Cilia and flagella are projections extending --from the cell. Projections extending from the cell that are usually found in cells in the respiratory passageways are --cilia . Projections extending from the cell that usually appear alone and help propel an entire cell are --flagella . The only example of a cell with a flagellum is --euglena .
The protein part of an enzyme which requires a coenzyme/ cofactor to function is called a(n):__________
Answer:
Explanation:
See the illustration below:
APOENZYME + COFACTOR/COENZYME = HOLOENZYME
Note: All known enzymes are proteins
Apoenzyme is the protein portion of the enzyme.
COFACTOR is the added portion to make a BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE enzyme known as Holoenzyme.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (abbreviated VEGF and pronounced "Veg-F") is a peptide signaling molecule related to platelet-derived growth factor. VEGF is important in the formation of the circulatory system because its signaling pathway causes the formation of blood vessels in developing embryos during normal development. Tumors also produce and secrete VEGF, causing nearby blood vessels to branch and grow to form new blood vessels that supply these tumors.
Given what you know about the different kinds of cell signaling and VEGF, which statement is true?
VEGF is a paracrine signaling molecule because it binds to receptors on nearby cells, at the site where new blood vessels are needed.
Answer:
VEGF is a paracrine signaling molecule because it binds to receptors on nearby cells, at the site where new blood vessels are needed.
Explanation:
The platelet derived growth factors utilizes VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) as a signalling molecule. Cell communication between close cells are aided by Paracrine signalling such as VEGF which forms new blood vessels to its close cells by binding with the receptors
The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors, are _____.
A) cytotoxic T cells
B) natural killer cells
C) macrophages
D) B cells
Answer:
The correct option is B (natural killer cells).
Explanation:
Natural killer cells: They are defined as the type of cytotoxic lymphocyte which are critical to the innate immune system. The NK cells play an important role in to provide rapid response to tumor formation, virus infected cells, and acting after three days of infection.
While cancer cells die, they release some antigens, than these antigens are recognized by the immune system, and later they are presented on the immune cells which are known as antigen presenting cells. So, if these cells are absent than they increase the chances of developing malignant tumors.
An 8-month-old infant is eating and suddenly begins to cough. The infant is unable to make any noise shortly after. You pick up the infant and shout for help.Which action do you perform to relieve choking in an unresponsive infant?
Answer:
The five-and-five first aid action recommended by the red cross
Explanation:
When an infant is choking and becomes unresponsive, the five-and-five approach is recommended as a first aid treatment to dislodge the material blocking the airway.
The five-and-five action involves alternation between giving the subject five back blows and five abdominal thrusts until the the choking material is dislodged or the subject becomes unconscious.
If the infant becomes unconscious, CPR should be performed and further help should be sought.
Answer:
5 back hits/slaps, and then 5 chest thrusts
Explanation:
Your roommate, who has not studied climate, says, "I thought the greenhouse effect was a bad thing. Isn't it what's causing global warming?" Which of the following statements might you use to help your roommate understand the true nature of the greenhouse effect?Select the two that apply.
A. Some gases, like carbon dioxide and water vapor, "trap" the heat radiated by Earth, causing warming.
B. Earth would be more livable without the greenhouse effect.
C. When there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect is stronger.
D. Carbon dioxide is the only greenhouse gas that matters.
Answer:
Option (A) and (C).
Explanation:
Greenhouse effect increases the earth's temperature every year. This causes the melting of glaciers and causes flood situation in the plain areas and allows the persistence of harmful gases in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases has the ability to trap the heat of the sun radiated by the planet. These greenhouse gases includes carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water vapor and methane. These green house gases increases the effect of the greenhouse.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A) and (C).
Final answer:
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that involves certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trapping heat, allowing the planet to maintain a habitable temperature. However, increased greenhouse gas concentrations, such as carbon dioxide, from human activities have caused an enhanced greenhouse effect, resulting in global warming and climate change.
Explanation:
A. Some gases, like carbon dioxide and water vapor, "trap" the heat radiated by Earth, causing warming.
C. When there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect is stronger.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process in which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat, preventing it from escaping into space. This process is essential for maintaining a habitable temperature on Earth. However, human activities have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, which has resulted in an enhanced greenhouse effect, leading to global warming and climate change.
Which of the following is the general guideline that IACUCs use to evaluate the potential pain of a procedure conducted with animals?
Answer:
IACUCs ( An institutional animal care and use committee) may be defined as the federal regulations for the institutions in which the animals are used for the research and study purpose.
Some laws, regulations and rules are made for the committees so that they cannot use the animals brutally and illegally. The procedure that might result in the pain and distress in human being can cause same in other animals as well.
Which phase of the bacterial growth curve, involves more cells dying than reproducing?
Answer: Death phase
Explanation:
The bacterial growth curve involves many stages named as lag, log stationary and decline.
The lag stage is where the nutrients are supplied for the growth of the bacterial species.
The log phase is where the the bacteria grow along with the nutrients available.
The stationary phase can be defined as the phase the death rate and the generation rate is same.
The death phase can be defined as the phase where the number of dying bacteria is more than the number of generation of bacteria because of the depletion of nutrients.