Answer:
1. Asexually
2. Sexual
Explanation:
Asexual reproduction in bacteria occurs through the process of cell fission. For instance, binary fission includes replication of bacterial DNA followed by inward folding of the plasma membrane to divide the parent bacterial cell into two daughter cells.
Bacterial also exhibits genetic recombination. Conjugation is one method of genetic recombination in bacteria in which a conjugation tube is formed between two bacterial cells. Bacteria exchange genetic segments through the tube. It results in the production of genetic variations in the recipient bacteria like that of sexual reproduction.
However, the process of genetic recombination in bacteria does not produce progeny as the sexual reproduction does.
Complete the sentences with the correct terms. If one plant cell sends a signal to another plant cell by passing a small molecule to that cell through the plasmodesmata, this would be referred to as signaling. After a big meal, in those individuals who do not have Type I diabetes, the pancreas secretes insulin, which circulates through the body and binds to receptors on various cell types to signal to those cells that the body is in the "fed state." This is an example of Neurons secrete neurotransmitters that bind to target cells in the local environment and induce a response. While this is an example of paracrine signaling, it is more specifically referred to as During an allergic response, histamines are released by mast cells. These histamines bind to receptors on cells in the local environment only. This is an example of .
Explanation:
A. direct contact
Also known as juxtacrine signalling where cells in contact are next to each other. Here in this question plasmodesmata which acts as a channel through which molecules move in and out of nearby cells is an example of direct contact signalling.
B. endocrine signalling
In this signalling, signal is sent from one cell to other cells which is far away from the cell. The signal will be in a steady state. Insulin is secreted from Beta cells of pancreas to other target cells through blood. So, insulin secretion is an example for endocrine signalling.
C. synaptic signalling
The junction between nerve cells where transmission of signals is called synapse. And the paracrine signalling that occurs among the neuron cells can be specifically called as synaptic signalling.
D. paracrine signalling
If cells release signals and is passed to the local environment or immediate surrounding areas it is called paracrine signalling. The clue is itself in the question "cells on local environment only". So this histamine signalling to other cells follows paracrine signalling
Plants where light-independent reactions take place in bundle sheath cells (different cells than where light-dependent reactions occur) are using what kind of photosynthesis?
Answer:
C4 type of photosynthesis
Explanation:
The process of photosynthesis takes place in two phases: the light-dependent phase and light-independent phase ( Calvin cycle).
The RUBISCO enzyme which catalyses the reaction of Calvin cycle has the binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen. When the enzyme binds to the oxygen results in the loss of ATP through a process called photorespiration.
To reduce the effect of photorespiration, some plants have made morphological adaptations in the chloroplast by separating the site of light-dependent phase and light-independent phase.
The light-dependent phase takes place in the mesophyll cells while the Calvin cycle takes place in the bundle sheath cell surrounding the leaf veins. These plants are known as C4 plants.
Thus, the C4 type of photosynthesis is the correct answer.
Plants where light-independent reactions take place in bundle sheath cells
are using the C4 photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis involves the process by which green plants manufacture
their food and it involves the light and dark phase.
The light independent reaction takes place in the bundle sheath cells to
produce an intermediate four-carbon compound. These compound further
splits into a three-carbon compound for the light independent reactions.
C4 photosynthesis is known to produce plants which have more fitness as a
result of Rubisco located in the bundle-sheath cells being able to function at
very high carbondioxide concentrations and lower nitrogen level.
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Bioremediation is _____. a. the modification of prokaryotes for industrial purposes b. the use of prokaryotes in producing pharmaceutical products c. the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment d. the use of prokaryotes in producing transgenic organisms e. the use of biological processes to remedy diseases
Answer:
The correct answer is c. the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
Explanation:
Bioremediation is a process in which living organisms are involved in the treatment and removal of pollutants from the environment. Bacteria, fungi, and archaea are the organism that is widely used in bioremediation because they reproduce very fast.
These organism works on environmental pollutant and break them into simpler and harmless compound, for example, Alcanivorax or Methylocella Silvestris are the bacteria which is used to clean the oil spills in the oceans. Therefore the correct answer is c.
In COPD, the body attempts to improve oxygen-carrying capacity by increasing the amount of red blood cells. Which term refers to this process?
Answer:
Polycythemia
Explanation:
Polycythemia is best defined as a substantial red blood cell increase in the blood. The bodies of individuals with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increase their oxygen levels through polycythemia.
A chi-square test was performed and indicated that the observed numbers of offspring were significantly different from the expecteD. Which of the following P-values would support this conclusion?
Select one:
a. 0.536
b. 0.752
c. 0.024
d. 0.159
e. 0.995
Answer: C. 0.024
Explanation:
The pvalue 0.024 is < 5% which shows that the expected number of offspring were statistically different from expected.
Among the given options, choice c. 0.024 is the correct answer, supporting the conclusion that the observed numbers of offspring were significantly different from the expected. This is because in a chi-square test, a P-value less than 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference.
Explanation:A chi-square test is a statistical tool used to determine if there is a significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies of events. The P-value of the chi-square test indicates the probability of obtaining the observed data if the null hypothesis is true, in which the null hypothesis assumes that there is no difference between the observed and expected quantities.
Typically, a P-value of less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant and supports the rejection of the null hypothesis. In the given options, choice c. 0.024 is the P-value that would support the conclusion that the observed numbers of offspring were significantly different from the expected, since it is less than 0.05.
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When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited A. one allele from each parent. B. two alleles from each parent. C. three alleles from each parent. D. four alleles from each parent.
Answer:
A (one allele from each parent)
Explanation:
According to Mendel's experiments, an organism receives two forms of a gene called allele, one from each parent. He discovered in his law governing heredity that an organism will undergo meiosis and each of its gene variant (allele) will get separated into gametes (law of segregation). These gametes randomly combine when mated to yield two alleles in each offspring i.e. one from the male parent and one from the female parent.
He crossed pea plants in his experiment to observe the height trait. He crossed purebreeding pea plants that are homozygous dominant (Tall, TT) and recessive (short, tt). He realized that the F1 offsprings possess two alleles that is a combination of both alleles from the parent i.e. Tt.
He also realized that all the F1 offsprings are tall, which brought about his law of dominance, which says that an allele is capable of masking the expression of another in a heterozygous state. The allele that masks is called DOMINANT allele while the allele that is masked or covered up is RECESSIVE allele.
Hence, the F1 offsprings received a dominant allele (T) and recessive allele (t) from each parent to make up their genotype.
Secretin is released in response to A. gastrin B. bolus C. hydrocholoric acid in chyme D. carbohydrates E. proteins
Answer:
The answer is optio C. hydrocholoric acid in chym
Explanation:
Secretin is a digestive hormone that regulates gastric acid secretion and pH level in the duodenum. It is produced in the upper part of the small intestine and released in response to hydrochloric acid in the stomach and duodenum.
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?
Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes. (T/F)
Answer:
For part 1
The statement to correcting the student's misconception is that 'ACQUIRED TRAITS CANNOT BE INHERITED'
For part 2
The statement is True - Traits acquired during lifetime ARE NOT passed on through genes.
Explanation:
For part 1 and 2
The appearance of an organism depends on TWO FACTORS:
- inherited traits contained in genes, and
- environment
Therefore, the stretched neck on the giraffe is due to its adapting to the environment so is an ACQUIRED TRAIT, and would NOT alter the gene for "normal neck" present in its chromosome.
So, no matter what evolution recognizes that, 'ACQUIRED TRAITS CANNOT BE INHERITED' in the giraffe offsprings but traits contained only in the genes.
The student's statement appears to follow Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics, which is outdated. Modern biology prefers the concept of natural selection, where advantageous traits are more likely to be passed down.
Explanation:The statement made by your classmate isn't accurately representing the concept of evolution. It closely resembles Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics, which has been largely discredited in modern biology. In fact, the long necks of giraffes are likely an example of natural selection, where individuals with slightly longer necks had a survival advantage and passed on their genes to future generations. Over many generations, this led to the evolution of increasingly longer necks.
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Mrs. Higgins needs to have major surgery. Two weeks before the surgery, her doctor prescribes EPO. Which of the following statements best explains his reason for doing this?
a) By prescribing EPO, the doctor will be able to increase oxygen levels because EPO causes hemoglobin to bind oxygen more efficiently.
b) By prescribing EPO, the doctor will decrease her hematocrit so that her blood is less likely to clot during surgery.
c) After she takes EPO, Mrs. Higgins's risk of infection will go down because of increased production of WBCs.
d) By prescribing EPO, the doctor can stimulate Mrs. Higgins's body to produce an overabundance of RBCs, which can be harvested and saved for her surgery.
Answer: NONE OF THE ABOVE OPTIONS ARE CORRECT.
Explanation:
EPO(Erythropoietin) can be used in patients who are going to have a major surgery in which significant blood loss is expected.
By administering EPO in the month before the surgery the patient often has a 1-2 gram rise in hemoglobin (increased hematocrit level) and this decreases the chance that a blood transfusion will be needed during the surgery.
As algae photosynthesize, they deplete the surrounding water of _____ and the carbonate rock that precipitates from this water is enriched in ____.
Answer:
First blank: 12CO2 (12 mole of Carbon dioxide)
Second blank: 13C (13 mole of Carbon)
Explanation: Algae requires carbon dioxide and water for synthesizing organic molecules in the presence of sunlight trapped by a pigment called chlorophyll A.
Algae makes use of CO2 from the extrinsic environment (water) to incorporate its biochemical activities, like energy production.
In the process of conversation, carbon molecules are lost to the external environment which in turn enriches surrounding rocks with Carbon.
The fungus Coccidioides immitis is found in the soil. Humans contract coccidioidomycosis by inhaling fungal spores. Which of these descriptions applies to the role of soil in transmission of coccidioidomycosis?
Answer:
fungus
Explanation:
Check all statements that are true about nuclear radiation.
Group of answer choices
Alpha radiation is a helium nucleus.
Gamma radiation is an electron.
Beta radiation can be stopped by thick wood or a sheet of aluminum.
Gamma radiation can be stopped by clothing,
The order of radioactive particles from most to least penetrating ability is gamma, beta, alpha.
electrons are beta radiation
Alpha radiation is easily stopped by paper or clothing.
Alpha radiation is a high energy electromagnetic wave.
Stable and non-stable nuclei can give off radiation.
Answer:
All these are true statements.
Alpha radiation is a helium nucleus.
Beta radiation can be stopped by thick wood or a sheet of aluminum.
electrons are beta radiation.
Alpha radiation is easily stopped by paper or clothing.
Explanation:
Alpha beta and gamma radiations are the examples of ionizing radiations. When an atom is an excited state and having high energy, the atom is in unstable state. The excess of energy is released by the atom to get the stability. The released energy is in the form of radiations which may include alpha, beta, gamma, X-ray etc.
Beta radiations:
Beta radiations are result from the beta decay in which electron is ejected. The neutron inside of the nucleus converted into the proton an thus emit the electron which is called β particle.
The mass of beta particle is smaller than the alpha particles.
They can travel in air in few meter distance.
These radiations can penetrate into the human skin.
The sheet of aluminium is used to block the beta radiation
⁴₆C → ¹⁴₇N + ⁰₋₁e
The beta radiations are emitted in this reaction. The one electron is ejected and neutron is converted into proton.
Properties of alpha radiation:
Alpha radiations are emitted as a result of radioactive decay. The atom emit the alpha particles consist of two proton and two neutrons. Which is also called helium nuclei. When atom undergoes the alpha emission the original atom convert into the atom having mass number less than 4 and atomic number less than 2 as compared to parent atom the starting atom.
Alpha radiations can travel in a short distance.
These radiations can not penetrate into the skin or clothes.
These radiations can be harmful for the human if these are inhaled.
These radiations can be stopped by a piece of paper.
₉₂U²³⁸ → ₉₀Th²³⁴ + ₂He⁴ + energy
Gamma radiations:
Gamma radiations are high energy radiations having no mass.
These radiations are travel at the speed of light.
Gamma radiations can penetrate into the many materials.
These radiations are also used to treat the cancer.
Lead is used for the protection against gamma radiations because of its high molecular density.
The lead apron are used by the person when treated with gamma radiations.
Lead shields are also used in the wall, windows and doors of the room where gamma radiations are treated, in-order to protect the surroundings.
False statements:
Gamma radiation is an electron (false)
Gamma radiation can be stopped by clothing, (False)
Alpha radiation is a high energy electromagnetic wave (False)
Stable and non-stable nuclei can give off radiation. (false)
only unstable nuclei give off radiations to get stability.
Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 involves two different mechanisms for synthesizing ATP, oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation. Which is true of substrate-level phosphorylation?
a. ATP is generated indirectly through the transfer of high-energy electrons from electron carriers to an electron transport chain.
b. Most of the ATP generated in cellular respiration is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation.
c. An enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule to form ATP.
d. ATP is generated by release of energy from the electron carriers NADH and FADH2.
Answer: C
Explanation:
In substrate level phosphorylation energy is trapped directly from the substrate, without the help of the complicated electron transport chain reactions.
Substrate-level phosphorylation refers to the formation of ATP from ADP by directly phosphorylating ADP from a high energy substrate catalyze by an enzyme.
But when energy is trapped by oxidation of reducing equivalents such as NADH, it is called oxidative phosphorylation.
Examples of substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis include conversion of 1, 3-Bisphospho glycerate to 3-Bisphospho glycerate and conversion of phospho enol pyruvate to pyruvate
Two parts of the Plasmodium erythrocytic cycle affect the human host in the follow ways. The________ is responsible for the clinical symptoms of malaria in one human host, and the_______ releases spores into the human's blood that make it possible for the malaria to be passed on to a_______ and then to another human.
1. a. asexual portions
b. sexual portions
2. a. sexual portion
b. a sexual portion
3. a. moosquito
b. flea
Answer:
The answer to 1. is option a. asexual portion.
The answer to 2. is option b. sexual portion.
The answer to 3. Is option a. Mosquito
Explanation:
1. The asexual portion is the stage in the Plasmodium erythrocytic cycle where the parasite develops in the erythrocytes causing accumulation of waste and toxic substances which ultimately end up in the bloodstream when the infected cells lyse. These factors acts to produce the symptoms experienced in malaria.
2. During the sexual portion of the Plasmodium cycle spores formed in the human host are released into the bloodstream which is usually picked up by an uninfected female anopheles mosquito when it takes a blood meal.
3. An infected mosquito passes the sporozoites to a new human host when it takes a blood meal and the cycle starts all over.
Assessment of a client with diabetes reveals that the toes are dark in color and the skin is shrunken and wrinkled, with a clear delineation between affected and unaffected regions. This client likely has:_________.
Answer:
Dry gangrene
Explanation:
Dry gangrene occurs when blood supply to tissues gradually stops. The affected part becomes dry, shrinks and turns brownish to black (like a mummy). The line of separation is formed between the gangrenous part and the viable part of the tissue. The gangrenous part consists of inflammatory granulation tissue. It occurs mainly in diabetic patients or people suffering from arterial blood vessel diseases.
is being gay a gene?
Answer: No
Explanation: Being gay is showing preference to the same gender nothing more, nothing less
Answer:
no
Explanation:
Translocation is a term used to describe the general movement of fluid and chemicals within body fluids. In every client's body, fluid and electrolyte balance is maintained through the process of translocation. What specific process allows water to pass through a membrane from a dilute to a more concentrated area?
Answer:
Osmosis
Explanation:
Cells of our body contains surface cell membranes i.e. plasma membrane, that regulates the entry and exit of substances in the cell. The movement of substances in the cell is carried out by a specific passive process where water and dissolved substances move from a place where there is a lower concentration of solute or high water concentration to a place where there is a higher concentration of solute or lower water concentration through the cell membrane which acts as a selective-permeable membrane. Tbis process is called OSMOSIS, and it regulates the movement of water in our body.
Osmosis is described as a passive process because it does not require energy input since the direction of movement is down the concentration gradient. The basis of movement is the difference in concentration between the exterior and interior part of the cell, also called concentration gradient.
Sharks
Select one:
a. have bone skeletons.
b. lack jaws.
c. have a keen sense of smell.
d. lack the lateral line system of bony fishes.
e. do not have paired fins.
Answer: (C.) Have a keen sense of smell
Explanation:
There are seven anatomic characteristics of sharks:
1. Cartilage Skeleton.
2. Skin covered with dermal denticles.
3. Powerful Jaws.
4. Efficient Liver.
5. Anatomic Tail.
6. Dynamic Fins.
7. Highly Developed Senses.
Their highly developed senses are the most important anatomic structures of sharks.
SHARK SENSES
1. Lateral Line.
2. Ampullae of Lorenzini.
3. A POWERFUL SENSE OF SMELL.
4. Good Eyesight.
5. Great Hearing
A researcher discovers a new microfossil. At first, he is uncertain whether this organism was a bacterium , Archaeon, or protist. After careful study, he determines that this organism was a protist. What features were present in this microfossil that lead the researcher to this conclusion?
Answer:
Exclusive features from Protozoa
Explanation:
Protozoa are unique and complex single-celled eucaryot. So, if the discovered microfossil still has some clues of a presence of a nucleus it might be a feature that can be related with only with a protist organism. Also, some protozoa has special anatomy structures like sensory bristles, photoreceptors, cilia, sting darts, etc. In conclusion there might be some features that could lead researchers to find a new extinct protist organism.
A client is undergoing a cytotoxic chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of stage III lung cancer. What effect will this regimen likely have on the client's hemostatic function?
Answer: The client's platelet count will decline.
Explanation:
The client platelet count will decrease as it is a side effect of the cytotoxic chemotherapy regimen. Chemo destroys the cells that grow rapidly including the cells in the bone marrow which are responsible for producing platelets.
The low platelet count in the body is known as thrombocytopenia, a common side effect of chemo.
The cut on the body cannot be cured easily due to this problem of the body but this is common side effect of chemotherapy.
You want to engineer a eukaryotic gene into bacterial colony and have it expressed. What must be included in addition to the coding exons of the gene?A) the introns B) a bacterial promoter sequence C) eukaryotic polymerases D) eukaryotic tRNAs E) eukaryotic ribosomal subunits
Answer:
B) a bacterial promoter sequence
Explanation:
Promoters are the specific DNA sequences that are required for the expression of genes. These DNA sequences direct the RNA polymerase to bind to the specific regions of the gene. For example, the DNA sequences present at -10 and -35 regions of genes of E. coli interact with the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase and direct it where to bind during the process of transcription.
Eukaryotic genes do not have the prokaryotic promoters. Therefore, bacterial promoter sequences should be added to a eukaryotic gene to allow its expression in a prokaryotic cell.
. In a laboratory population of Drosophila, all the males are XsY. Among the females, 15% are XiXi, 50% are XiXs and 35% are XsXs. Assuming random mating, what proportion of the male flies in the next generation will be XiY?
A. 12% B. 30% C. 40% D. 65%
2. A virgin female Drosophila mates and produces 34 daugthers and 38 sons. 18 of these sons sire only daughters, while the remainder sire approximately equal numbers of daughters and sons. What the gynotypes of the original female and the male with whom she mated
A. XiXs and XsY B. XiXs and XiY C. XiXi and XsY D. XsXs and XiY
3. If the e and f are expressed, the Xi chromosome will be prevented from reaching 100% frequency if selection pressure cause which of the following to be true?
A. XsXs flies have the lowest fitness of any genotype B. XsXs flies have the highest fitness of any genotype C. XiY flies and XsY flies have equal fitness D. XiXs flies XsXs flies have equal fitness
Answer: 1A. 40% is The Answer C 2a: A is the answer XiXs and XsY
3a Answer is A
Explanation: 1A. 40% is The Answer:
random mating point to the directiojn to Hardy–Weinberg genetics. all males receive a Y chromosome from their fathers, male contribution can be ignored; while we focus on the type of chromosome the females will donate.
assign Xi as p in the H–W equations, and Xs as q. 15% of the females are XiXi
35% are XsXs (35% qq), (15% pp), 50% are XiXs (50% pq) put these values into the H–W equation for genotype frequency
(pp +2pq + qq = 1)
gives us 0.15 + 0.50 + 0.35 = 1; solving for p and q gives us approximate values of p = 0.4 and q = 0.6.
H–W equilibrium state that allele frequency remain constant from generation to generation, males can inherit either Xi (p) or Xs (q), the percentage
of XiY males equal the frequency of the Xi allele: therefore p = 0.4 which is same as 40%.
2A
34 daughters and 38 sons.
18 sons only make daughters, remainder have equal number of each
must be A.
- male must be XsY, or else the 1st gen would ONLY be females
- only half the sons' kids have it so mother must be XiXs
3a.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
An efficient way to search for and insert a value in a cell when the desired value is stored elsewhere in the worksheet or even in a different workbook.
Answer:
An efficient way to search for and insert a value in a cell when the desired value is stored elsewhere in the worksheet or even in a different workbook is by using lookup functions.
Explanation:
Lookup function is the built in function of excel that helps in returning the certain value form specific row or column.When the value is stored in the worksheet we can easily insert that desired value in the cell by the use of lookup functions. VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP are the lookup unctions that searches the value in column and row respectively.Mendel's law of independent assortment states that which allele is passed down to the next generation at one locus is dependent on which allele is passed down to the next generation at another locus.
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Mendel's law of independent assortment is about the random distribution of alleles of one gene during anaphase-I. It states that alleles of two or more genes segregate randomly to the poles of the cell. For example, the segregation of R and r alleles to the two poles of the cell would not affect the segregation of the T and t alleles. This random and independent segregation of alleles of different genes during anaphase-I produces new gene combinations in the progeny.
Some people have low levels of calcium circulating in the blood, a condition known as hypocalcemia. While for many this disorder has little to no effect, for some it can be life-threatening. How could low levels of calcium harm an individual?
Low levels of calcium would not have any effect on synaptic transmission.
Low levels of calcium would cause sustained depolarization of the presynaptic cell.
Low levels of calcium would result in fewer signals sent between the pre- and postsynaptic cell.
Answer:
Hypocalcemia is defined as low level of calcium in the serum.
It could be harmful to an individual in the following ways:
Convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany, and numbness in the hands and feet and around the mouth occur due to lowered threshold for depolarization causing increased responsiveness.
Life-threatening complications- Laryngospasm and Cardiac arrhythmias can arise.
Effects on cardiac output include:
(A) Negative chronotropic effect, or a decrease in heart rate.
(B) Negative inotropic effect, or a decrease in contractility
Why do mushrooms grow back in the same spot each year even if someone removes the cap and stem of the mushroom?
Answer:
The old hyphae was left underground and a new mushroom will regrow from it.
Explanation:
Mushrooms is the fleshy part of a fungus that bears spores. Is found above the ground. It is comprised of parts such as the cap which is the top part.
Underneath the cap are the gills and the stalk or the stem is where the cap and gills are attached.
A part from the seen features, underneath the ground is where the hyphae which can give rise to another fruiting body or the mushroom.
Which of the following is NOT a membrane-disrupting toxin?
A) A-B toxin
B) hemolysin
C) leukocidin
D) streptolysin O
E) streptolysin S
Answer:
Answer is A-B toxin.
Explanation:
A membrane-disrupting toxin is toxin that affect the cell membrane. The effect of its secretion could be by interrupting the phospholipid layer or through pores formation on the membrane.
Membrane- disrupting toxins are regarded as exotoxins. Examples are leukocidin and hemolysin which their effects cause leakages of the cytoplasmic content and lysis of the cell, through the formation of pores on the cell membrane.
The A-B toxin are produced by the proteins of pathogenic organisms such as the bacteria. Example is botulinum toxin.
The A-B toxin is not a membrane-disrupting toxin. A-B toxins work by having one subunit disrupt cellular processes, while the other aids entry into the cell. The other options are all examples of membrane-disrupting toxins.
Explanation:The toxins listed in the question are all associated with disrupting cell membranes, except for the A-B toxin. A-B toxins are a type of bacterial toxin that consists of two parts or subunits. The A subunit is typically responsible for the toxic effect (it enters the cell and disrupts cellular processes), while the B subunit helps the A subunit enter the cell. Examples include diphtheria toxin and cholera toxin. On the other hand, hemolysin, leukocidin, streptolysin O, and streptolysin S are all types of membrane-disrupting toxins. They function by creating pores in cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death.
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Alex recently quit smoking. Now he has trouble paying attention at work and forgets simple things. Which neurotransmitter is most likely causing Alex's symptoms?
acetylcholine ( T/F)
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Tobacco is consumed during smoking which contains an addictive substance called Nicotine. Nicotine exerts its effect on the body by stimulating the acetylcholine receptors in the neurons. The stimulation of these receptors stimulates another neurotransmitter like glutamate, dopamine and GABA which produce addictive effects in humans.
Since the acetylcholine is involved in stimulating the other neurotransmitters therefore true is the correct answer.
Thus, true is the correct answer.
Final answer:
Alex's issues with attention and memory after quitting smoking are likely due to the interruption of acetylcholine neurotransmission, as nicotine from smoking acts as an agonist to acetylcholine. The absence of nicotine leads to decreased stimulation of acetylcholine receptors, which can cause these symptoms.
Explanation:
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine plays a significant role in memory and attention. When Alex quit smoking, his body was deprived of nicotine, which acts similarly to acetylcholine within the brain. As a result of quitting smoking, Alex could experience difficulty with attention and memory recall, symptoms typically linked with the disruption of acetylcholine neurotransmission.
Nicotine's agonistic action on acetylcholine receptors leads to increased arousal and reward while using tobacco products. However, sudden cessation leads to a decrease in the simulation of acetylcholine receptors, causing symptoms that can mimic those of conditions associated with acetylcholine undersupply, like Alzheimer's disease. Over time, these symptoms may improve as the body adjusts to the absence of nicotine.
Therefore, to answer the original question, it is likely that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine—or more specifically, the temporary imbalance caused by the cessation of nicotine that mimics acetylcholine—is influencing Alex's difficulties with attention and memory after quitting smoking.
According to the theory of organic evolution, all living organisms are related, and they descended with some modifications from organisms that lived in the past.A) TrueB) False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
According to the theory of organic evolution, all organisms are related to each other and they all are descendants with some modification from the organism that lived in the past. The evidence of this theory can be seen in existence in homologous organs in different species for example wings of bird and hand or humans.
This homology proves that they shared the common ancestor in the past and they are descendants with some variation and modification which make them appear different from each other. Therefore the statement is true.
Listed below are four adaptations of terrestrial vertebrates. Which is a characteristic only of truly terrestrial animals with no need to return to water at any stage of the life cycle?
1. tetrapod locomotion
2. hearts with more than two chambers
3. lungs
4. amniotic eggs
5. All of these are essential for a completely terrestrial existence
Answer: Amniotic eggs
Explanation:
Amniotes are the characteristic feature of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the birds, mammals and reptiles. The amniotes lay their eggs on the land and retain the fertilized egg inside the mother.
They are differentiated from the from the organism which lay eggs in water. Anamniotes are the organism which are specialized to live in water and they cannot survive on land.
Hence, the correct answer is Option 4
The production of amniotic eggs is a characteristic exclusive to truly terrestrial animals with no need to return to water at any lifecycle stage. This feature helps in moisture conservation, crucial for life on land. Other listed adaptations are also observed in some aquatic species.
Explanation:The characteristic exclusive to truly terrestrial animals with no need to return to water at any lifecycle stage is the production of amniotic eggs. Amniotic eggs contain a specialized structure called amnion, which helps in the conservation of moisture, a critical characteristic required for life on land. Even though tetrapod locomotion, hearts with more than two chambers, and lungs are adaptations that help in survival on land, they are also observed in some aquatic animals. For example, frogs have lungs and tetrapod locomotion but need water for their reproduction. Therefore, out of the listed options, only the amniotic eggs are characteristics strictly tied to terrestrial life.
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